Local immunosuppressive therapy with monoclonal anti-T-cell antibody on renal allograft survival in the rat. II. Phenotypic and functional assessment of spleen cells.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
N Yoshimura
Publications and source records attributed to N Yoshimura.
Interleukin-1 gene expression in transient retinal ischemia in the rat.
PURPOSE: To determine in rats whether there are time-dependent changes in interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) gene expression in transient retinal ischemia and to localize their mRNAs in the retina. METHODS: Retinal ischemia was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by ligating the optic nerve. Two hours later, the ligature was released and reperfusion occurred. The levels of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta gene expression in the sensory retina were then compared at various times after reperfusion by a semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Localization of their expressed mRNAs was examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: Little expression of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta genes was observed in normal retina. IL-1 alpha gene expression rapidly increased (about 30-fold greater than that of the control) as early as 1 hour after cessation of ischemia, reached a peak (about 50-fold) at 3 to 12 hours, and then gradually decreased to near baseline levels. IL-1 beta gene expression began to increase 2 hours later than did that of IL-1 alpha and had two peaks. IL-1 beta gene was found by in situ hybridization histochemistry to be expressed by retinal glial cells, endothelial cells, and neutrophils infiltrating the retina and vitreous. No gene expression was found in the control retinas. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta genes was dramatically upregulated during reperfusion after induced retinal ischemia. IL-1 beta gene was expressed by retinal glial cells, endothelial cells, and neutrophils recruited into the retina. From these results, it appeared that IL-1 may have an important role in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Animals↗
Rat whole pancreaticoduodenal allotransplantation treated with 15-deoxyspergualin alone and with splenectomy.
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Animals↗
[Anesthetic management of a patient with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation].
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is a rare disease that is diagnosed by severe respiratory dysfunction from birth. A 5-day-old-boy with CCAM underwent removal of a large cyst which was present at lower lobe of right lung. Anesthesia was induced slowly and maintained with oxygen and sevoflurane. Severe airway obstruction occurred transiently by the secretion from the lung cyst. Thereafter, the surgery was completed safely and his postoperative course was uneventful. Perioperative anesthetic management of the patient with CCAM is also discussed.
Airway Obstruction↗
Locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons as a micturition center.
The micturition reflex arch is composed of an afferent pathway from the urinary bladder to the pontine micturition center via the pelvic nerve and spinal cord. The efferent pathway projects from the center to the bladder through the sacral parasympathetic center of intermediolateral column cells. The pontine micturition center is thought to be noradrenergic (NA) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) due to the following observations: (1) LC stimulation induces bladder contraction in cats, and this response is blocked by intrathecal application of alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist (prazosin), but not the alpha 2- nor beta-adrenergic antagonist. Although this contraction is not observed after NA depletion with reserpine, with subsequent i.v. injection of L-dopa a NA precursor induces recurrence of the response. (2) The micturition reflex induced by bladder distention is similarly reversed with alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist and chemical destruction of NA cells by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine in the LC. However, subsequently applied alpha 1-adrenergic agonist induces the contraction due to bladder distention. (3) LC stimulation elicits spike generation of sacral intermediolateral cells. Microiontophoretically applied alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist inhibits the LC stimulation-induced spikes of the neuron, which is not antidromically activated by pelvic nerve stimulation. However, spikes in neurons activated antidromically were not affected by the drug. This indicates that the former and latter neurons are interneuron and parasympathetic projecting neurons, respectively. The existence of NA terminals from the LC and alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in the intermediolateral column cells supports the concept that NA cells in the LC are units constituting the micturition center.
Animals↗
The direct effect of FK506 and rapamycin on interleukin 1(beta) and immunoglobulin production in vitro.
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Cell Line↗
Ferromagnetic hyperthermia in rabbit eyes using a new glass-ceramic thermoseed.
Hyperthermia is a new treatment modality to increase the tumoricidal effect of radiotherapy for choroidal melanoma. We have produced a ferromagnetic glass-ceramic composed of magnetite and wollastonite as a thermoseed for interstitial hyperthermia. The stable oxidized ceramic produced sufficient heat by hysteresis loss upon exposure to an alternating magnetic field. We studied its heat-generating properties and evaluated its possible application to ocular hyperthermia. Agar model and rabbit eye studies showed that the heat generated by the ceramic was less affected by its orientation in the magnetic field than metal alloy thermoseeds and that the retinal surface was heated to 43.5 degrees C in less than 7 min without heating the surrounding tissue. Additionally, this heating system showed a good temperature stability of +/- 0.1 degrees C under steady-state conditions without using a controller. The new glass-ceramic shows promise as a thermoseed in ocular hyperthermia.
Animals↗
Idiopathic portal hypertension in renal transplant recipients: report of two cases.
We present herein the cases of two patients who developed idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) following renal transplantation. Both patients had been treated with azathioprine and prednisolone for 6 years and 4 months and for 4 years and 7 months, respectively, and presented with splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia suggesting hypersplenism. Celiac angiography showed a dilated splenic artery and vein in both patients. When the splenic artery was obliterated with a balloon catheter in case 1, the portal venous pressure decreased from 51 cmH2O to 36 cmH2O, and the direction of the superiomesenteric venous blood flow became hepatopetal rather than hepatofugal. These results suggested that the spleen might have played an important role in the development of IPH in these two patients. A splenectomy was therefore performed, immediately following which the portal venous pressure decreased remarkably, and the esophageal varices disappeared during the postoperative follow-up period. Microscopic examination of liver biopsies taken at the operation revealed lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with bile duct hyperplasia but no evidence of periportal fibrosis, and electron microscopy demonstrated very mild perisinusoidal fibrosis. Thus, the histological changes seen in the livers of these patients seemed not to have caused the portal hypertension. In conclusion, although few patients develop IPH after renal transplantation, we should be aware of its possibility and consider splenectomy as the treatment of choice.
Adult↗
Mitral valve replacement after atrioventricular canal repair in adults: report of three cases.
Three cases of adults who required a mitral valve replacement (MVR) following repair of an atrioventricular (AV) canal are presented herein. In adult patients with an AV canal, the deformity of the mitral valve is sometimes too advanced for adequate repair, and therefore, residual mitral regurgitation frequently causes intractable cardiac failure despite appropriate medical management. Thus, for adults with an AV canal associated with severe valvular deformities, MVR should be considered from the initial operation to obtain a significantly better outcome.
Adult↗
Patch-clamp recordings from subpopulations of autonomic and afferent neurons identified by axonal tracing techniques.
This study determined whether axonal tracing methods can be used in combination with patch-clamp techniques to examine the electrical properties of identified populations of autonomic and afferent neurons in the adult rat. Fluorescent dyes (Fast Blue, FB and Fluoro-Gold, FG) were injected into the wall of the urinary bladder or colon and into various somatic structures to label postganglionic neurons in the major pelvic ganglia (MPG) as well as visceral and somatic afferent neurons in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia (TG). One to 3 weeks after dye injection, neurons were isolated from ganglia by enzymatic dissociation. Following dissociation, single neurons labelled with FB were identified in the three types of ganglion preparations; however FG was only identified consistently in TG neurons. FB was retained in neurons during short-term culture (1-5 days). Following 10 to 20 s exposure to UV light which was required for identification of the cells, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed that the electrophysiological properties of FB-labelled cells did not differ from those of unlabelled cells. However, a more prolonged exposure (1-5 min) of the neurons to UV light produced irreversible damage to the cells which was evident as changes in the action potential, sodium current and resting membrane potential. These results indicate that patch-clamp recording in combination with axonal tracing is a useful approach for studying the electrical properties of identified populations of autonomic and afferent neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Action Potentials↗
Histochemical localization of copper in various organs of brindled mice.
In order to disclose histochemically the localization of copper in various organs in Menkes disease, untreated brindled mouse hemizygotes (BM) and normal male littermates were examined by the modified sulfide silver method of Kozma, where the specificity for copper staining has been proved to be enhanced by trichloroacetic acid treatment. When compared with normal controls, renal tubules--most of which were of proximal convoluted segments--and intestinal mucosal epithelium of BM clearly showed increased staining with copper. Hepatocytes in the liver and neurons in the brain, however, displayed an obvious reduction in staining despite a marked increase in staining of capillaries in these two organs. Electron microscopy of the specimens stained with the Kozma method revealed numerous fine silver grains which represented Cu++ localization, distributing within the cytoplasm outside both mitochondria and the nucleus. The intense staining of capillaries observed only in the liver and brain of BM may indicate a blockade of copper transport owing to trapping of copper in the capillary walls, and may be responsible for low tissue-copper concentrations of the two organs. Similarly, high tissue-copper concentrations of the kidney and intestine are attributed to excessive deposition of copper in their epithelial cells which are probably due to impaired intracellular copper-transportation.
Animals↗
Immunocytochemical localization of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma.
The localization of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-1, -2, -3 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in normal salivary gland and pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland has been examined immunocytochemically. Tumor cells with BMP immunostaining in pleomorphic adenoma were associated with some solid cellular and tubuloglandular patterns, and with stellate cells in the myxoid area. In addition, in the chondroid area of three pleomorphic adenomas, chondrocyte-like cells were positive for BMPs. It is speculated that BMPs secreted by the tumor cells play a role in the formation of the chondroid component in pleomorphic adenoma by inducing some tumor cells, probably neoplastic myoepithelial cells, to differentiate to chondrocytes by metaplastic change. No tumor cells specifically immunostained with TGF-beta were found. TGF-beta was positive in fibrous and hyalinized stroma. In the submandibular gland, only anti-BMP-1 antibody specifically reacted to apical portions of degenerated serous acinar cells.
Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
Protein, cell, and LTB4 concentrations of lung edema fluid produced by high capillary pressures in rabbit.
We previously demonstrated disruptions of the pulmonary capillary endothelium and alveolar epithelium at transmural pressures (Ptm) of 52.5 cmH2O in rabbit by electron microscopy. In the present study, we determined the characteristics of the alveolar edema fluid in this condition by carrying out bronchoalveolar lavage after blood perfusion for 10 min at Ptm of 12.5 (low), 32.5 (intermediate), and 52.5 cmH2O (high). At low Ptm, where our previous studies showed no ultrastructural changes, the volume of alveolar fluid obtained by urea dilution was very small, and the concentrations of proteins, cells, and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were low. However, at high Ptm the volume of alveolar fluid and the concentrations of total protein and cells in the BALF were greatly increased. The amount of LTB4 in the BALF also increased substantially from 6.0 to 49.5 micrograms (P < 0.001). Intermediate changes were seen at intermediate Ptm. We concluded that exposing pulmonary capillaries to high Ptm results in a high-permeability form of edema. In addition, the presence of LTB4 suggests that chemical mediators are released, possibly as the result of exposure of the reactive capillary endothelial basement membrane, as demonstrated by electron microscopy.
Albumins↗
Renal impairment and intraglomerular mononuclear phagocytes in cholesterol-fed rabbits.
Morphological and immunohistochemical studies using the anti-macrophage monoclonal antibody RbM2 were performed in cholesterol-fed rabbits. From the beginning of the experiment, the levels of lipoproteins showed the pattern of familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia patients, and glomerular endothelial and mesangial cells had lipid deposits. By the 3rd week, RbM2-positive cells appeared in the capillary lumina. These cells became larger and increased in number after the 8th week. Although they had become very large and had increased noticeably by the 20th week, few sclerotic glomeruli were observed. We could hardly detect any proliferation of or foamy changes in the mesangial cells, and monocyte/macrophages showed no proliferative capacity within the glomeruli. These findings suggest that hyperlipidemia alone did not cause proliferation or foam transformation of the mesangial cells. The glomerular macrophages, probably derived from circulating monocytes, did not induce a glomerular injury under the short-term hyperlipidemic conditions of these experiments.
Animals↗
Adamantinoma of the rib metastasizing to the liver.
Adamantinoma is a rare bone tumor, most of which originates in the long bone. Here, we present a case of adamantinoma of the rib with liver metastasis. The patient, a 69-year-old man, complained of dull chest pain for over 6 months. Chest X-ray and CT film revealed osteolytic mass of the right 7th rib. Under the clinical diagnosis of hepatic tumor with rib metastasis, resection of the rib and partial hepatectomy were performed. Pathologically, the bone tumor was diagnosed as primary adamantinoma and the liver tumor was its metastasis. The patient has been well without adjuvant chemotherapy for 5 years after the operation.
Aged↗
Feasibility of drug targeting to the retinal pigment epithelium with biodegradable microspheres.
There are several systems of delivering drugs to cells with phagocytic activity. We studied the possibility of targeting drugs to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with the use of surface-modified microspheres. A fluorescent dye, 1,4-bis[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]-benzene (POPOP), was incorporated into microspheres of poly(lactic acid) for use as a marker to evaluate drug delivery. Phagocytosis of the microspheres, with or without gelatin precoating, was carried out at 37 degrees C and 4 degrees C. The cell-incorporated fluorescence of POPOP was measured, and scanning electron microscopy was used to confirm phagocytosis. At 4 degrees C, no uptake of POPOP was noted; however at 37 degrees C, cell-associated fluorescence was observed to increase for up to 24 hr. In comparison with bare microspheres, gelatin precoating significantly enhanced phagocytosis (P < 0.001) at the same incubation times. These results suggested that drug delivery to RPE cells may be feasible by means of surface-modified polymer microspheres.
Animals↗
Role of G-proteins in ciliary process adenylyl cyclase responses of the albino rabbit eye.
After intravitreal injections of cholera or pertussis toxin (CTX or PTX, 0.5 -1 microgram/eye) into the albino rabbit eye, the in vitro responses of ciliary process adenylyl cyclase (AC) to isoproterenol, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and forskolin (FSK) were increased 21-40% for PTX, but for CTX-injected eyes AC responses to fluoroaluminate, VIP and FSK decreased 70-50%. The increased responses after PTX suggests that this toxin blocked an inhibitory Gi control of AC that is present in the control tissue. However, prolonged (> 24 hr) in vivo exposure to CTX appears to down-regulate the AC enzyme. In contrast to the in vivo findings, AC responsiveness was unaffected by PTX pre-treatment of membranes in vitro, while CTX pre-treatment increased basal activity (+600%), and the FSK response (+30%), but decreased responsiveness to fluoroaluminate, VIP and isoproterenol by 88-56%. Treatment of ciliary process membranes with 32P-NAD and CTX or PTX followed by SDS-PAGE autoradiography of labelled proteins gave two bands for the G-protein alpha-subunits of Gs (45, 56 kDa) and one broad band centered at 40 kDa for Gi-type subunits respectively. Western blots using specific antibodies showed the presence of Gi type I or III, but no detectable Gi type II or Go in rabbit ciliary processes. We conclude that the changes in adenylyl cyclase enzyme responses after intraocular CTX or PTX may not correlate with cAMP levels and intraocular pressure effects. However, the in vitro biochemical data on AC responses and on G-proteins provide evidence for dual regulation of ciliary process AC by activating and inhibitory G-proteins.
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose↗
Endothelin-1 promotes corneal epithelial wound healing in rabbits.
This study is an attempt to determine the effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1)-containing eyedrops on the rate of corneal epithelial wound closure in rabbits. After corneal epithelial debridement of about 50-60 mm2 with n-heptanol, eyedrops containing either 10(-8) M ET-1 or 10(-6) M ET-1 were applied at five different times for the next three days. The wound was serially photographed 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours later to measure the extent of healing with a computerized planimeter. The respective wound healing rate at 10(-6) and 10(-8) M ET-1 was 1.293 +/- 0.040 mm2/hour (n = 11) and 1.262 +/- 0.087 mm2/hour (n = 6), respectively. These rates were 29% (p < 0.01) and 26% (p < 0.05) above the control value, 1.005 +/- 0.063 mm2/hour (n = 13). Reepithelialization was not associated with any epithelial hyperplasia, neovascularization or conjunctival hyperemia. These results suggest that ET-1-containing eyedrops could be of therapeutic value in the remedy of corneal epithelial defects.
Animals↗