Association of precorneal and preconjunctival tear film.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
N Yokoi
Publications and source records attributed to N Yokoi.
Correlation between genetic and cytogenetic maps of the rat.
To correlate rat genetic linkage maps with cytogenetic maps, we localized 25 new cosmid-derived simple sequence length polymorphism (SSLP) markers and 14 existing genetic markers on cytogenetic bands of chromosomes, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Next, a total of 58 anchor loci, consisting of the 39 new and 19 previously reported ones, were integrated into the genetic linkage maps. Since most of the new anchor loci were developed to be localized near the terminals of the genetic or cytogenetic maps for each chromosome, the orientation and coverage of the whole genetic linkage maps were determined or confirmed with respect to the cytogenetic maps. Thus, we provide here a new base for rat genetic maps.
Animals↗
Effect of aldose reductase inhibitor on corneal epithelial barrier function in galactose-fed dogs.
The effect of concomitant administration of galactose and the aldose reductase inhibitor(ARI) Epalrestat (Kinedak) on corneal barrier function was examined in dogs. Six-month-old male beagles were rendered aphakic in one eye and then divided into four groups as follows: 1) a control group fed on 30% cellulose, 2) a galactosemic group fed on 30% galactose, 3) a 30% galactose-fed group treated with low dose (20 mg/kg) ARI and 4) a 30% galactose-fed group treated with high dose (50 mg/kg) ARI. Forty-one months after the start of these diets, corneal autofluorescence and the corneal barrier function were measured in each dog using anterior fluorophotometry (FL-500). When barrier function was analyzed in non-operated eyes, fluorescence data were significantly higher in the galactosemic group compared to the control group. In non-operated eyes, fluorescent data in high-dose ARI treated group were significantly lower than those in the galactosemic group. However, in operated eyes, no significant difference was observed between the galactosemic group and the ARI treated groups. Similar trends were observed when corneal autofluorescence of each group was compared. Long-term galactose feeding appeared to damage corneal epithelial barrier function. This damage was not observed in the high-dose ARI treated group suggesting that this damage may be linked to the polyol pathway.
Aldehyde Reductase↗
A case of infectious crystalline keratopathy occurring long after penetrating keratoplasty.
PURPOSE: To report a 64-year-old woman's case of infectious crystalline keratopathy (ICK) that occurred 9 years after the penetrating keratoplasty (PKP). METHODS: This study includes clinical history and histopathologic findings of the case. RESULTS: As historic background, the patient underwent PKP for lattice dystrophy and later, persistent epithelial defect occurred on the graft. Topical steroid treatment and a therapeutic soft contact lens were applied; however, ICK developed and second PKP was performed. In the ICK region, yeasts were cultured and histologically, degenerated keratocytes containing yeast particles surrounded the intralamellar plaques of yeasts without accompanying inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION: This case is possibly the first to develop ICK long after PKP. Histologically, ICK presumably occurred based on the immunologically incompetent condition, and, by verifying the previous reports, the neurotrophic background after PKP may partially be involved in the development of ICK.
Candida↗
Impairment of ocular surface epithelium barrier function in patients with atopic dermatitis.
AIMS: To assess the integrity of the ocular surface epithelium in patients with atopic dermatitis from the viewpoint of its barrier function. METHODS: 49 patients with atopic dermatitis with blepharoconjunctivitis (ABC group), 27 age matched patients with seasonal or perennial allergic conjunctivitis (AC group), and 20 volunteers with normal healthy eyes (NH group) were assigned to this study. Ocular surface epithelium barrier function was evaluated by the fluorophotometric method using a slit lamp fluorophotometer. 3 microliters of 0.5% sodium fluorescein was instilled into the conjunctival sac of the right eye and fluorescein uptake (ng/ml) 30 minutes later (20 minutes after eye washing) was measured in the central cornea and the temporal bulbar conjunctiva. Fluorophoto metric measurements performed were analysed in each group and compared between the groups. RESULTS: The ABC group showed significantly higher fluorescein uptake (mean 28.2 (SEM 3.3) ng/ml) in the cornea than the AC (11.4 (2.2), p = 0.001) and NH groups (9.3 (2.1), p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the AC and NH groups (p = 0.930). The ABC group also showed significantly higher fluorescein uptake in the bulbar conjunctiva (393.4 (54.0)) than the AC (182.9 (24.6), p = 0.011) and NH groups (169.3 (29.1), p = 0.012). There was also no significant difference in fluorescein uptake between the AC group and the NH group (p = 0.987). CONCLUSION: This study suggested that ocular surface epithelium barrier function is impaired in patients with atopic dermatitis with blepharoconjunctivitis.
Adolescent↗
Direct observation of tear film stability on a damaged corneal epithelium.
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Epithelium, Corneal↗
A comparative genetic map of rat, mouse and human genomes.
The increasing availability of molecular markers and the development of highly efficient gene mapping strategies for the mouse, rat and human genomes have generated vast quantities of information allowing for the progressive refinement of comparative maps. In this publication we report on an updated version of our rat/mouse/human comparative genetic map, based on the mouse map. Databases for mouse, rat and human gene mapping were used for the collection of homologs mapped in the species. The comparative map was constructed with a total of 1,235 mouse loci having known homologs in the rat and/or human: 16 having homologs only in the rat, 884 having only in the human and 335 both in the rat and human. The combined length of the segments conserved between the rat and mouse spans 758 cM on the mouse map. This indicates that about 47% of the mouse genome is now covered by known rat homologous regions. Five novel regions homologous for the rat and mouse were identified. This comparative genetic map should be useful for researchers working on genetic studies in the rat, mouse and human.
Animals↗
Extension of conserved regions in the rat and mouse genomes by chromosomal assignments of 29 rat genes.
We recently constructed a comparative genetic map of the rat, mouse and human genomes based on information obtained from several databases. In this study, we performed chromosomal assignments of 29 rat genes with somatic cell hybrid clones, in order to clarify and extend the conserved regions in the rat and mouse genomes. As a result, the conserved regions were extended by 89 cM. Together with our previous report, the length of the conserved regions in the rat and mouse spans 847 cM on the mouse linkage map, indicating that 53% of the mouse genome is covered by homologous regions in the rat. In addition, four conserved regions were newly revealed. The method described in this study appears to be simple and efficient for constructing a whole genome comparative map of the rat and mouse.
Animals↗
A non-MHC locus essential for autoimmune type I diabetes in the Komeda Diabetes-Prone rat.
The Long-Evans Tokushima Lean (LETL) rat, characterized by rapid onset of insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM), no sex difference in the incidence of IDDM, autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, and no significant T cell lymphopenia, is a desirable animal model for human IDDM. We have established a diabetes-prone substrain of the LETL rat, named Komeda Diabetes-Prone (KDP) rat, showing a 100% development of moderate to severe insulitis within 220 d of age. The cumulative frequency of IDDM was 70% at 120 d of age, and reached 82% within 220 d of age. Here, we performed the first genome-wide scan for non-MHC IDDM susceptibility genes in this strain. The analysis of three crosses has led to the revelation of a major IDDM susceptibility gene, termed Iddm/kdp1, on rat chromosome (Chr) 11. Homozygosity for the KDP allele at this locus is shown to be essential for the development of moderate to severe insulitis and the onset of IDDM. Comparative mapping suggests that the homologues of Iddm/ kdp1 are located on human Chr 3 and mouse Chr 16 and would therefore be different from previously reported IDDM susceptibility genes.
Animals↗
Prolonged impairment of peripheral corneal epithelium barrier function after successful trabeculectomy.
PURPOSE: To quantitate changes in the ocular surface after trabeculectomy using a newly designed fluorophotometer-based method. METHODS: We studied 23 normal eyes (23 volunteers), six eyes (six patients) within 1 month after surgery (early group), and 14 eyes (14 patients) 3 months or longer after surgery (late group). Also, to elucidate time-dependent changes in corneal epithelium barrier function, we measured fluorescein uptake before and after trabeculectomy prospectively in the central and peripheral cornea of six glaucomatous eyes in six patients. RESULTS: Mean fluorescein uptake (+/- SE) in the central cornea 30 minutes after instillation was 34.4 +/- 3.8 ng/ml, 113.5 +/- 65.8 ng/ml, and 43.1 +/- 12.8 ng/ml, respectively, in the normal, early, and late groups, which represents a statistically significant increase in the early group, but subsequent recovery to near normal range in the late group (P = .0225, normal vs early groups; P = .437, normal vs late groups, unpaired t test). Mean fluorescein uptake in the peripheral cornea was 34.5 +/- 6.1 ng/ml, 276.2 +/- 120.5 ng/ml, and 378.4 +/- 118.2 ng/ml, respectively, in the normal, early, and late groups, which represents a statistically significant increase in both the early and late groups (P = .0267, normal vs early groups; P = .0310, normal vs late groups, unpaired t test). In the early and late groups, significant differences were shown in fluorescein uptake between the central and peripheral cornea, but these differences were not evident in the normal group. The prospective study showed that fluorescein uptake in the peripheral cornea was 35.3 +/- 13.0 ng/ml and increased to 308.2 +/- 96.6 ng/ml at the third postoperative month (P = .022, paired t test) and to 277.9 +/- 145.5 ng/ml at the end of the first postoperative year (P = .154, paired t test). CONCLUSION: Peripheral corneal epithelium barrier function adjacent to the filtration bleb following trabeculectomy may be significantly impaired for at least 1 year after surgery.
Adult↗
Effects of aldose reductase inhibitor CT-112 on the corneal epithelial barrier of galactose-fed rats.
PURPOSE: To investigate whether the barrier function of the corneal epithelium is disrupted in galactosemic rats, and to assess the effects of the aldose reductase inhibitor CT-112, in the form of eyedrops, on the corneal epithelial barrier in galactosemic rats. METHODS: Forty rats were divided into 3 groups based on their diet: a control group, a galactose group and a CT-112 treated galactose group (CT-112 group). After 3 weeks, 31 rats from the 3 groups were subjected to fluorophotometry, in which fluorescein (F) was instilled into one eye and carboxyfluorescein (CF) was instilled into the other eye in a random fashion. The F and CF uptakes were then measured at the central cornea by a slit-lamp fluorophotometer. Three rats from each group were exposed to a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution for one hour, and the HRP-reactive substances within the corneal epithelium were also examined via electron microscopy. RESULTS: There was significantly higher F uptake in the galactose group than in the control (p = 0.003) and CT-112 groups (p = 0.028). There were no significant differences in CF uptake between the 3 groups. Histologically, HRP-reactive substances were found in much greater quantities within the superficial corneal cells of the galactose group than in the control or CT-112 groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that cell membrane disruption, as detected by F uptake and HRP penetration, was found in the superficial corneal cells of galactose-fed rats, and that intercellular junction integrity can be assayed by CF uptake and histological evaluation. Moreover, CT-112 eyedrops were effective in improving the corneal epithelial barrier dysfunction of galactose-fed rats.
Aldehyde Reductase↗
Effectiveness of hyaluronan on corneal epithelial barrier function in dry eye.
AIMS/BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess quantitatively the effectiveness of hyaluronan on corneal disruption in patients with dry eye. Corneal epithelial barrier function was evaluated by measuring fluorescein permeability using a slit-lamp fluorophotometer. METHODS: 11 patients with dry eye were assigned to this study. Hyaluronan ophthalmic solution (0.1% hyaluronic acid) was instilled five times a day to the right eye, in addition to the usual artificial tear solutions. The left eye received only the artificial tear solutions. Corneal barrier function was evaluated on the pretreatment day, and at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. Fluorophotometry was used to measure fluorescein uptake at the central and lower corneal portions. RESULTS: Two weeks after treatment, hyaluronan treated right corneas showed significant corneal epithelial barrier improvement in the lower portion, compared with the pretreatment day (p < 0.025). Four weeks after treatment, the treated corneas showed significant improvement in the central corneal portion (p < 0.025) and improvement in the lower portion, compared with the pretreatment day. The untreated left corneas, on the other hand showed no improvement during the course of the study. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that hyaluronan is effective in the treatment of corneal epithelial disruption in dry eye.
Adult↗
TM rats: a model for platelet storage pool deficiency.
TM rats have a light brown hooded coat pattern resembling that of Fawn hooded (FH) rats which are a model of platelet storage pool deficiency (SPD). We examined whether the TM strain has the same platelet SPD as the FH strain. TM rats had a prolonged bleeding time and a low blood serotonin level, although their blood coagulation time and platelet counts were normal. The light coat color of the TM strain was judged to be associated with the red-eyed dilution gene as in the FH strain, but not pink eye dilution as in the RCS rat strain. Platelet SPD seen in TM rats may be a pleiotropic effect of the red-eyed dilution gene proposed in FH rats. Despite these similarities, the genetic background of the TM strain was obviously different from that of the FH strain. The TM strain, developed independently of the FH strain, will therefore be used as a model of platelet SPD.
Animals↗
Pdx1, a homeodomain transcription factor required for pancreas development, maps to rat chromosome 12.
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Animals↗
[Evaluation of conjunctival epithelial damage in dry eye].
Using sulphorhodamine B, which is highly sensitive in detecting damaged ocular surface epithelium, we evaluated conjunctival epithelial damage in dry eye patients. The subjects were 99 eyes of 50 dry eye patients (41 eyes of 21 patients with Sjögren's syndrome and 58 eyes of 29 keratoconjunctivitis sicca patients without Sjögren's syndrome). We also investigated the relation between sulphorhodamine B and fluorescein staining in ocular surface epithelium. The conjunctival epithelial damage stained with sulphorhodamine B showed a high correlation with corneal epithelial damage stained with fluorescein. In addition, conjunctival damage in Sjögren's syndrome tended to be more severe than in patients without Sjögren's syndrome.
Adolescent↗
Mapping of 20 polymorphic DNA markers in the rat by somatic hybrid and linkage analysis.
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Animals↗
A rat mutation producing demyelination (dmy) maps to chromosome 17.
A recessive mutation exhibiting severe myelin breakdown, mainly at the level of the lumbar segments of the spinal cord and without any associated inflammation, was discovered in a partially inbred rat colony. Analysis of the segregation patterns of a set of polymorphic microsatellite markers in two inter-strain crosses allowed the mapping of this autosomal recessive mutation to rat Chromosome (Chr) 17, very close to the prolactin (Prl) locus, in a region homologous to human Chr 6p21.2-22.3 and mouse Chr 13. The pathology of the demyelination process and the chromosomal localization indicate that this mutation has no known equivalent in either mouse or human.
Animals↗
Correlation of tear lipid layer interference patterns with the diagnosis and severity of dry eye.
PURPOSE: To observe and classify tear film lipid layer interference patterns in normal volunteers and dry eye patients and to investigate the relation between the lipid layer interference patterns in the dry eyes and the results of other dry eye examinations. METHODS: Precorneal tear lipid layer interference patterns were observed at the central cornea in 25 eyes of 13 normal controls and 85 eyes of 48 dry eye patients. Observed patterns were classified in masked fashion by five physicians into five grades: grade 1, somewhat gray color, uniform distribution; grade 2, somewhat gray color, nonuniform distribution; grade 3, a few colors, nonuniform distribution; grade 4, many colors, nonuniform distribution; and grade 5, corneal surface partially exposed. Other methods of dry eye examination were also performed, including the cotton thread test, the Schirmer I test and modified Schirmer I test, measurement of tear film breakup time, scoring of corneal fluorescein staining density (grades 0 to 3) and area (grades 0 to 3), and rose bengal staining (grades 0 to 9). RESULTS: In 92 (84%) of 110 eyes, four or more of the five physicians agreed in their grade classifications. Among the 92 eyes, normal control eyes were classified into grades 1 and 2 (10 and 12 eyes, respectively) and dry eyes were classified into grades 2, 3, 4, and 5 (22, 26, 10, and 12 eyes, respectively). There was a significant correlation between the grading and the results of other dry eye examination modalities, including fluorescein staining, rose bengal staining, and tear film breakup time. CONCLUSIONS: Tear lipid layer interference patterns are highly correlated with dry eye severity.
Adolescent↗