Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

N W Bond

Publications and source records attributed to N W Bond.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on avoidance conditioning in high- and low-avoidance rat strains.

Two lines of rats selected for high- and low-avoidance performance consumed a nutritious liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories through days 5--18 of gestation. Control dams were pair-fed an identical liquid diet except for isocaloric substitution of sucrose for ethanol or ad libitum laboratory chow and water. Subsequently, the offspring of the low-avoider dams fed ethanol were found to be impaired ona two-way shock-avoidance conditioning when compared to the pair-fed and ad libitum controls from the same line. In contrast, the offspring of the high-avoider dams fed ethanol displayed similar levels of avoidance, responding to their controls. These results demonstrate that the effects on avoidance conditioning of in utero ethanol exposure are dependent upon the line of rat studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Short- and long-term decrements in toxicosis-induced odor-aversion learning: the role of duration of exposure to an odor.

Six experiments employed an odor-aversion paradigm to investigate the role of the duration of exposure to an odor in determining that odor's subsequent associability with illness. Rats were exposed to an odor at times T1 and T2, and the second of these exposures was followed by toxicosis. When the initial odor exposure was brief, the odor aversion was attenuated with a moderate T1-T2 interval of 3 hr (Experiment 1) but not with long intervals of 28 hr and 76 hr (Experiment 2). In contrast, when the initial odor exposure was long, the odor aversion was attenuated at a long T1-T2 interval (Experiment 3). With a T1-T2 interval of 24 hr, a brief initial exposure did not attenuate odor aversions when the context either remained the same or was changed from T1 to T2, whereas a long initial exposure attenuated such aversions when the context remained the same but not when the context was changed (Experiment 4). With a T1-T2 interval of 3 hr, a brief initial exposure attenuated odor aversions when the context remained the same or was changed from T1 to T2, whereas a long initial exposure attenuated such aversions when the context remained the same but not when the context was changed (Experiment 5). A brief exposure at T1, either with or without a subsequent context "extinction," attenuated odor aversions when the T1-T2 interval was 3 hr but not when this interval was 24 hr; a long initial exposure at T1, without a subsequent context "extinction," attenuated odor aversions when the T1-T2 interval was 4 hr and 24 hr but with a subsequent context "extinction" did not attenuate such aversions at either 4-hr or 24-hr T1-T2 intervals (Experiment 6). The results demonstrate that the duration of exposure to an odor determined whether that odor presentation caused short- or long-term decrements in odor conditionability and are discussed in terms of the relation between self- and retrieval-generated processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Conditioned suppression, heart rate and pulse volume: effects of instructions on extinction.

Two experimental groups of undergraduate volunteers received five classical aversive conditioning trials with a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and shock unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Control groups received either the CS alone or UCS alone. Subjects from one experimental group were subsequently instructed that they would not receive further shocks, while the other experimental group received no such instructions. The CS alone was then presented once to all four groups while subjects were engaged in a button-pressing task maintained by slide reinforcement. During this latter phase rate of button pressing was measured as well as heart rate and pulse volume. The last two measures being employed as indices of autonomic arousal. The results indicated that while instructions as to the absence of the UCS completely abolished the conditioned suppression of button-pressing, they had no effect upon the pulse volume CR. A heart rate CR was not obtained. These results reflect unfavourably upon theoretical formulations of conditioned suppression that emphasize the causal interdependence of motor and autonomic events or the primacy of either one.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Impairment of shuttlebox avoidance learning following repeated alcohol withdrawal episodes in rats.

Rats were reduced to 70% of their free-feeding body-weights and then randomly assigned to one of three groups. An Alcohol Withdrawal group was placed on a liquid diet consisting of alcohol plus Austagen for four 5-day periods interspersed with three 2-day periods of a liquid diet containing sucrose plus Sustagen. A Continuous Alcohol group received the alcohol diet for 20 days, followed by six days on the sucrose diet. A Sucrose Control group received diet only and was pair-fed the amounts consumed by the Alcohol Withdrawal group. Thirty days after the diets were discontinued the rats were given 60 trials on a shuttlebox avoidance task. The results showed that the Alcohol Withdrawal group was impaired in shuttlebox avoidance when compared to the Continuous Alcohol group and Sucrose Control group.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Imagery and the autonomic nervous system: some methodological issues.

The present paper is concerned with the role played by image content in the mediation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal. The minimum methodological requirements of such studies are described including controls for imaging, image content, and expectancy effects. Studies meeting these requirements are then reviewed. It is concluded that image content can be a significant modifier of ANS arousal and that this property is not restricted to images containing affective, e.g., phobic, content. These conclusions have relevance to research into techniques such as biofeedback, Transcendental Meditation, and progressive relaxation, where imagery many have a profound influence but where it has received little direct empirical attentiol.

Arousal↗
PubMed1978

Avoidance conditioning and Hebb-Williams maze performance in rats treated prenatally with alcohol.

Throughout gestation pregnant Wistar rats consumed a nutritious liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories. Control mothers were fed lab chow. Subsequently, the offspring of the ethanol-fed mothers were found to be impaired on two-way avoidance conditioning when compared to control offspring, but did not differ from controls in their performance on the Hebb-Williams maze. Fostering and cross-fostering procedures indicated that the effect was due to prenatal influences arising from the drug treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Shock induced alcohol consumption in rats: role of initial preference.

In three experiments it was found that the effects of inescapable unavoidable shocks upon alcohol intake were dependent upon the initial preference displayed by the animal. When animals displayed a low initial preference for alcohol (Experiment 1) shock stress led to an increase in daily alcohol intake. When animals displayed a high initial preference for alcohol due to the addition of a preferred flavour (Experiment 2) or forced acclimation (Experiment 3) shock stress led to a decrease in daily alcohol intake. It is suggested that alcohol is consumed as a function of the punishing and discriminative properties of the shocks, not to alleviate stress through its pharmacological properties.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1978

One-trial conditioned suppression: effects of instructions on extinction.

Two experimental groups of undergraduate volunteers received a single Pavlovian conditioning trial consisting of a paired presentation of a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and a shock unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Control groups received either the CS alone or the UCS alone. Subjects from one experimental group were subsequently instructed that they would not receive further shocks, while the other experimental group received no such instructions. The CS alone was then presented once to all four groups while subjects were engaged in a button-pressing task maintained by slide reinforcement. During the latter phase, rate of button-pressing was measured. Classically conditioned suppression of button-pressing was obtained in the noninstructed experimental group but not in the instructed group. The results demonstrate that suppression can be a sensitive index of Pavlovian conditioning in humans but question the use of conditioned suppression as an adequate experimental analog of clinically observed anxiety-motivated behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Prenatal alcohol consumption and open-field behaviour in rats: effects of age at time of testing.

Throughout gestation pregnant Wistar rats consumed a nutritious liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories. Control mothers were fed lab-chow. Subsequently, the offspring of the ethanol-fed mothers displayed significantly greater activity (ambulation) in an open-field test at 28 and at 56 days of age, but not at 112 days of age. No differences in defecation were observed at any age.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1976

Effects of prenatal alcohol consumption on open-field behaviour and alcohol preference in rats.

Throughout gestation pregnant Wistar rats consumed a liquid diet containing sustagen and ethanol. Control mothers were fed on lab chow. Subsequently, the offspring of the ethanol-fed mothers displayed significantly greater activity (ambulation and rearing) in an open-field test. Further, pups whose mothers were exposed to ethanol consumed significantly more ethanol in a preference test, compared to control offspring.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1976

Impairment of Hebb-Williams maze performance following prolonged alcohol consumption in rats.

Wistar rats consumed a liquid diet containing sustagen and ethanol for a period of 150 days. Control animals were pair-fed an identical diet except for isocaloric substitution of sucrose for ethanol. Forty-five days after the liquid diets were discontinued both groups were tested for performance on the Hebb-Williams maze. The experimental group made significantly more errors than the control group indicating that long-term ingestion of alcohol can lead to substantial impairment of problem-solving abilities in rats.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1975

Effects of d-amphetamine on the behavior of pigeons maintained by a second-order schedule of reinforcement.

The effects of various doses of d-amphetamine were studied on the responding of two pigeons exposed to a second-order schedule of reinforcement. With this schedule, food was presented following the completion of a sequence of three 2-minute fixed-interval components. A visual stimulus was presented at the completion of each fixed interval, including the one which was terminated with food. The pigeons' behavior was characterized by a pause immediately after each stimulus presentation followed by a gradual increase in response rate as the interval progressed. d-Amphetamine was found to increase the low rates of responding which occurred early in each interval and to decrease the high rates of responding at the end of each interval. These effects occurred whether responding preceded the presentation of food or the brief stimulus alone.

Animals↗