More on filter paper lead testing.
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Blood Specimen Collection↗
Biomedical subjects
N Stanton
Publications and source records attributed to N Stanton.
Is utility in the mind of the beholder? A study of ergonomics methods.
This paper reviews the use of ergonomics methods in the context of usability of consumer products. A review of the literature indicated that there is upward of 60 methods available to the ergonomist. The results of the survey indicated that questionnaires, interviews and observation are the most frequently reported methods used. Ease of use of the methods was dependent upon type of method used, presence of software support and type of training received. Strong links were found between questionnaires and interviews as a combined approach, as well as with HTA and observation. However, a questionnaire survey of professional ergonomists found that none of the respondents had any documented evidence of the reliability and validity of the methods they were using. A study of training people to use ergonomics' methods indicated the different requirements of the approaches, in terms of training time, application time and subjective preferences. An important goal for future research is to establish the reliability and validity of ergonomics methods.
Adult↗
Auditory affordances in the intensive treatment unit.
This paper describes the study of auditory affordances in the intensive treatment unit (ITU). The study compared representative sounds with traditional auditory warnings. Recognition performance for both the new and old warnings was compared. Recognition performance of the ITU staff was worse with the new set than with the old set of warnings, whereas the reverse was found with non-ITU staff. This suggests that although previous experience of the alarms aid recognition, there might be other more intuitive sounds which could be used on the ITU.
Equipment Failure↗
A software toolkit for hierarchical task analysis.
This paper describes a prototype software tool that offers support to the human factors specialist using hierarchical task analysis (HTA). The tool provides a direct manipulation diagram editor for HTA and provides high-quality output of analyses, in both graphic and automatically generated tabular form. The tool is implemented in Smalltalk-80 and currently runs on Macintosh computers.
Journal Article↗
A user-centred approach to the design and evaluation of auditory warning signals: 1. Methodology.
This paper presents a method for the design and evaluation of auditory warning signals modelled on an existing internationally standardized method for evaluating public information systems (ISO/DIS 7001: 1979). The procedure is essentially user-centred, capitalizing upon users' associations between sounds and their meanings. The procedure is presented in a step-by-step manner, from the initial identification of referents for which warnings might be required, through the generation of ideas for warning sounds, an appropriateness ranking test, a learning and confusion test, an urgency mapping test, a recognition test and an operational test. Practical issues are discussed with respect to each of the stages, and suggestions are made as to courses of action that might be taken if problems are encountered. Theory behind the relationship between sound and meaning is discussed with reference to the practical issues addressed.
Equipment Design↗
Blood lead proficiency testing: overview of the federally sponsored program in the U.S.
External proficiency testing is a proven method for improving the quality of laboratory measurements, including lead in blood. Several proficiency testing programs exist to fill this need. This article describes the U.S. federally sponsored Blood Lead Proficiency Testing Program. Three specimens, composed of blood from dosed cows, are distributed to participants each month. Target values are determined by a group of 10 referee laboratories. Participant performance has shown steady improvement over time.
Animals↗
Type variation of strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in capsular serogroup 15.
The repeated finding of two capsular types of Streptococcus pneumoniae in serogroup 15 in infected exudate from the middle ear led to the demonstration of type variation in pneumococcal types 15B and 15C. Determination of the chemical composition of the capsular polysaccharides of the pneumococci in serogroup 15 showed that the observed variation was related to the presence of an O-acetyl group in the capsular polysaccharide of type 15B which was lacking from the otherwise identical polysaccharide of type 15C. The phenomenon appears similar to that reported in several other bacterial species in which it has been ascribed to labile inversion of a segment of DNA.
Antigens, Bacterial↗
Filamentous capsulated streptococci from the human respiratory tract: chemical and immunochemical characterization of a glycoprotein capsular antigen of provisional binary capsular type 87.
A filamentous alpha-hemolytic streptococcus of provisional capsular type 87 isolated from the human respiratory tract has been shown to be binary capsulated. One of the capsular antigens appears to be a glycoprotein; the other appears to be a polysaccharide. Transformation reactions with deoxyribonucleic acid from streptococcus type 87 and a number of noncapsulated pneumococci yielded transformed pneumococci with either a glycoprotein capsule or a polysaccharide capsule, but not with both. Capsular precipitin (quellung) reactions were observed when streptococcus type 87 was treated with homologous antiserum or with antisera to either of the two distinct capsular transformants. Each of the transformed pneumococci gave a quellung reaction with its homologous antiserum or with antiserum to streptococcus type 87, but neither reacted with antiserum to the heterologous transformant. Chemical analysis showed the glycoprotein antigen of streptococcus type 87 to contain, in addition to amino acids, glucose, galactose, glucosamine, and phosphate. The amino acid composition of the glycoprotein capsular antigens from streptococcus type 87 and of those from transformed pneumococci were similar, showing only minor differences. The glycoprotein capsular antigen from streptococcus type 87 gave two closely associated precipitin bands with homologous antiserum or antisera to transformed pneumococci with the glycoprotein capsule. That the two precipitin bands represent two unrelated proteins is precluded largely on the basis of the unlikely probability of 100% cotransformation of the genes coding for both proteins in the pneumococcal transformants that were isolated. Chemical analyses of the various fractions of the glycoprotein indicate that the two precipitin bands may represent a glycoprotein and its corresponding apoprotein.
Amino Acids↗
Filamentous capsulated streptococci from the human respiratory tract: chemical and immunochemical characterization of the polysaccharide capsular antigen of provisional binary capsular type 87.
The polysaccharide capsular antigen of the filamentous binary capsulated streptococcus of provisional type 87 and the polysaccharide capsular antigens of two pneumoccal strains transformed with deoxyribonucleic acid of streptococus type 87 have been purified and analyzed with regard to their component monosaccharides. The purified polysaccharides from the three strains were immunochemically identical. Each was found to contain rhamnose, glucose, galactose, galactosamine, and phosphate. Rhamnose was the immunodominant sugar.
Antigens, Bacterial↗