Potential role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the sleep-wake states occurrence in old rats.
Extensive evidences now suggest that an association between inducible nitric oxide synthase and oxidative stress takes place during aging. Since the part played by inducible nitric oxide synthase in the sleep impairments associated with aging still remains unexplored, we compared its involvement in old rats (20-24 months) versus adult ones (3-5 months) using polygraphic, biochemical, voltammetric and immunohistochemical techniques. The experiments were conducted either in basal condition or after a systemic injection of selected inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. We found that 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or aminoguanidine (400 mg/kg, i.p.) was capable to suppress rapid-eye-movement sleep and induce a delayed enhancement in slow-wave sleep in old rats. These effects did not occur in adult animals. Within the frontal cortex, the laterodorsal tegmentum and dorsal raphe nuclei, the basal inducible nitric oxide synthase activity was 85-200% higher in old rats than in adult ones. In contrast, the neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity did not vary in both groups. 2-Amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine administration significantly reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase activity (70-80% according to the brain areas) independently of age, but significantly decreased the cortical nitric oxide release in old rats. Finally, in frontal cortex and dorsal raphe immunohistochemical analysis showed inducible nitric oxide synthase-positive cells again only in old animals. These data support the idea that nitric oxide produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase plays a role in the triggering and maintenance of rapid-eye-movement sleep during aging.