Biomedical subjects

N Sakai

Publications and source records attributed to N Sakai.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Synthesis of multiply substituted, ion channel forming octi(p-phenylene)s: theme and variations.

[reaction: see text] To facilitate the access to unique models for biological processes, we examined six different synthetic routes to octi(p-phenylene) rods with lateral and terminal substituents R(L) and R(T). This systematic study allowed us to increase to overall yield for the synthesis of a new class of oligo(p-phenylene) ionophores about 20 times and to provide general insights into the practicability of synthetic routes to multiply substituted molecular rods.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed2000

Inostamycin, an inhibitor of cytidine 5'-diphosphate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (CDP-DG): inositol transferase, suppresses invasion ability by reducing productions of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and cell motility in HSC-4 tongue carcinoma cell line.

Inostamycin is an inhibitor of cytidine 5'-diphosphate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (CDP-DG): inositol transferase. It significantly reduced epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced in vitro invasion of the tongue carcinoma cell line, HSC-4, through reconstituted basement membrane Matrigel. Since phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4,5-biphosphate is important for signal transduction through protein kinase C and actin reorganisation, we further examined the effect of inostamycin on production of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-2 and -9, and on cell motility. Zymographic analysis showed that inostamycin suppressed pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 levels at a dose-dependent fashion, while MMP-2 activity was not significantly affected. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, it was found that inostamycin diminished steady state levels of MMP-2 and -9 but not membrane type 1-MMP mRNA expressions. Inostamycin partially blocked both EGF- and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated pro-MMP-9 production. A cytoplasmic calcium chelator (BAPTA-AM) dramatically elevated pro- MMP-9 and slightly elevated pro-MMP-2 secretions. EGF-stimulated motility of HSC-4 cells was suppressed by inostamycin treatment along with reduction of actin cytoskeletal reorganisation, filopodia formation and cdc42 expression. These results suggested that inostamycin would be useful for an anti-invasive agent in tongue cancer.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2000

A Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia of donor origin after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase.

We report here a case of donor cell leukemia in a female Ph-positive CML patient who received an allogeneic BMT from her HLA-identical brother in the chronic phase and subsequently developed a donor cell Ph-positive ALL. The number of cases of donor cell leukemia after BMT so far reported is less than 20 and in this case, as in the first cases reported by Marmont et aland McCane et al, the original leukemia and donor cell leukemia share the presence of a Ph chromosome. Furthermore, we analyzed the patient during different stages of her disease by RT-PCR and determined the type of bcr-abl junctions (M bcr-abl junction; b3a2 transcript, p210) in both the recipient and donor cell leukemia.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Ordering of ceramide formation, caspase activation, and Bax/Bcl-2 expression during etoposide-induced apoptosis in C6 glioma cells.

Etoposide (VP-16) a topoisomerase II inhibitor induces apoptosis of tumor cells. The present study was designed to elucidate the mechanisms of etoposide-induced apoptosis in C6 glioma cells. Etoposide induced increased formation of ceramide from sphingomyelin and release of mitochondrial cytochrome c followed by activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, but not caspase-1. In addition, exposure of cells to etoposide resulted in decreased expression of Bcl-2 with reciprocal increase in Bax protein. z-VAD.FMK, a broad spectrum caspase inhibitor, failed to suppress the etoposide-induced ceramide formation and change of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, although it did inhibit etoposide-induced death of C6 cells. Reduced glutathione or N-acetylcysteine, which could reduce ceramide formation by inhibiting sphingomyelinase activity, prevented C6 cells from etoposide-induced apoptosis through blockage of caspase-3 activation and change of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In contrast, the increase in ceramide level by an inhibitor of ceramide glucosyltransferase-1, D-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol caused elevation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and potentiation of caspase-3 activation, thereby resulting in enhancement of etoposide-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, cell-permeable exogenous ceramides (C2- and C6-ceramide) induced downregulation of Bcl-2, leading to an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and subsequent activation of caspases-9 and -3. Taken together, these results suggest that ceramide may function as a mediator of etoposide-induced apoptosis of C6 glioma cells, which induces increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio followed by release of cytochrome c leading to caspases-9 and -3 activation.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

In vivo transfer of human hepatocyte growth factor gene accelerates re-endothelialization and inhibits neointimal formation after balloon injury in rat model.

Although most therapeutic strategies to prevent restenosis are designed to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation directly, VSMC proliferation might be indirectly inhibited by re-endothelialization, as endothelial cells secrete antiproliferative and antithrombotic substances. We hypothesized that application of an endothelium-specific growth factor to balloon-injured arteries could accelerate re-endothelialization, thereby attenuating intimal hyperplasia. In this study, we investigated in vivo gene transfer of human HGF that exclusively stimulated endothelial cells without replication of VSMC growth into injured vessels. Transfection of human HGF gene into rat balloon-injured carotid artery resulted in significant inhibition of neointimal formation up to at least 8 weeks after transfection, accompanied by detection of human immunoreactive HGF. Induction of re-endothelialization induced by overexpression of human HGF gene transfer into balloon-injured vessels is supported by several lines of evidence: (1) Administration of HGF vector. but not control vector, markedly inhibited neointimal formation, accompanied by a significant increase in vascular human and rat HGF concentrations. (2) Planimetric analysis demonstrated a significant increase in re-endothelialized area in arteries transfected with human HGF vector. (3) Induction of NO content in balloon-injured vessels transfected with human HGF vector was observed in accordance with the recovery of endothelial vasodilator properties in response to acetylcholine. As endogenous HGF expression in balloon-injured vessels was significantly decreased as compared with normal vessels, the present study demonstrated the successful inhibition of neointimal formation by transfection of human HGF gene as 'cytokine supplement therapy' in a rat balloon injury model.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed2000

Ex vivo expansion of mature human neutrophils with normal functions from purified peripheral blood CD34+ haematopoietic progenitor cells.

Purified CD34+ haematopoietic progenitor cells were cultivated with stem cell factor, interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) for 7 d, and thereafter non-adherent cells were divided into two groups. Cells in one group (group A) were further cultivated for 7 d with four cytokines, and cells in the other group (group B) were further cultivated for 7 d with G-CSF alone. On day 14, 220-fold and 130-fold increases in the numbers of non-adherent cells were achieved for groups A and B respectively. These cell preparations contained 65% granulocytes for group A and 95% granulocytes for group B. These cells gained the ability to respond effectively with chemotaxis, phagocytosis and superoxide (O2-) release. Cells in group B were appropriately primed by G-CSF, GM-CSF, tumour necrosis factor alpha and IL-1beta for enhanced release of O2 -. The responsiveness of these cells was identical to that of peripheral blood neutrophils, indicating that cells in group B may be in the resting state. In contrast, cells in group A were not primed by these cytokines for enhanced release of O2- and released a large amount of O2- spontaneously, indicating that cells in group A may be in the activated state. These findings indicate that mature neutrophils with normal functions were expanded ex vivo in group B and suggest that these cells could be used for possible autologous neutrophil transfusion to prevent bacterial infections during severe neutropenia after cytotoxic chemotherapy.

Antigens, CD34↗

PubMed2000

Optically clear nuclei in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: demonstration of one of the fixation artifacts and its practical usefulness.

To examine whether or not optically clear nuclei are one of the fixation artifacts in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Experiments using an optimal immersion fixation method by making thin-sliced specimens, 5 x 2 x 2 mm in size were adopted. Fixatives tested were 10% formalin, 10% buffered formalin, mixture of alcohol and formalin (4: 1), 95% alcohol, 4% phosphate-buffered paraformaldehyde, Carnoy's fixative, Bouin's fixative and various concentrations of formalin. Tested thyroid lesions in total were: cases with papillary carcinoma (38); follicular carcinoma (one); follicular adenoma (15); adenomatous goiter (11); Hashimoto's thyroiditis (two); Grave's disease (five); and normal thyroid tissue around tumor (five). Routinely processed papillary carcinoma showed a high occurrence (64.6%) of the optically clear nuclei contrasted by a low occurrence (almost 0%) in other lesions. However, this rate in papillary carcinoma decreased (< 35.3%) in all experimental groups irrespective of the choice of fixatives. Frequent occurrence (61.9-66.6%) of the optically clear nuclei was reproduced in papillary carcinoma fixed in a higher concentration of formalin (40-60%) in the experimental groups. These results demonstrated that the optically clear nuclei are one of the fixation artifacts, although still useful as a diagnostic criterion.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗

PubMed2000

Bilateral testicular tumors in androgen insensitivity syndrome.

We report on a case of complete androgen insensitivity syndrome with bilateral testicular tumors and a point mutation in the androgen receptor gene. A bilateral gonadecotmy was performed and both of the resected tumors were histologically diagnosed as pure seminoma. Direct sequencing of amplified exons E-G of the androgen receptor gene from the resected tumor identified a CGA to CAA substitution in exon E, resulting in arginine to glutamine replacement at codon 752. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of androgen insensitivity syndrome with bilateral testicular tumors.

Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome↗

PubMed2000

Up-regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in tubulointerstitial lesions of human diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: We previously described that monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) plays an important role in progressive glomerular and interstitial damage in inflammatory renal diseases. However, the expression of MCP-1 in diabetic nephropathy remains to be investigated. METHODS: We examined whether locally expressed MCP-1 participates in human diabetic nephropathy via recruiting and activating monocytes/macrophages (Mphi). Urinary and serum MCP-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 45 patients with diabetic nephropathy. The presence of MCP-1 in diseased kidneys was determined by immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analyses. RESULTS: Urinary MCP-1 levels were significantly elevated in patients with diabetic nephrotic syndrome and advanced tubulointerstitial lesions. Moreover, urinary levels of MCP-1 were well correlated with the number of CD68-positive infiltrating cells in the interstitium. In contrast, serum MCP-1 levels remained similar to those of healthy volunteers. Furthermore, we detected the MCP-1-positive cells in the interstitium of diabetic nephropathy via both immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analyses. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest that locally produced MCP-1 may be involved in the development of advanced diabetic nephropathy, especially in the formation of tubulointerstitial lesions possibly through Mphi recruitment and activation. Moreover, up-regulation of MCP-1 may be a common pathway involved in the progressive tubulointerstitial damage in diabetic nephropathy as well as inflammatory renal diseases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Endoscopic piecemeal resection with submucosal saline injection of large sessile colorectal polyps.

BACKGROUND: Because endoscopic en bloc resection of large, sessile colorectal polyps is technically difficult, they are usually resected piecemeal. However, piecemeal resection makes it difficult to evaluate the completeness of the resection histopathologically. In this study the efficacy of endoscopic piecemeal resection of large, sessile colorectal polyps was investigated after follow-up greater than 1 year. METHODS: We removed 56 sessile colorectal polyps 2 cm or greater in diameter in 56 patients by using an endoscopic submucosal saline injection technique. Endoscopic examinations were repeated at 3, 6, and 12 months and longer after initial endoscopic resection. If no residual tumor was found endoscopically and histologically, the patient was considered to be "cured." RESULTS: Of the 56 polyps, 14 (25%) were resected en bloc, and 42 (75%) were resected piecemeal. Of the 42 patients treated with piecemeal resection, 23 (55%) required additional endoscopic or surgical interventions. In patients followed 1 year or longer after initial treatment, the cure rate by en bloc resection was 100% (14 of 14) and that by piecemeal resection was 83% (35 of 42). Arterial bleeding occurred in 4 patients (7%) during or after endoscopic resection. In 3 of them, bleeding was stopped by endoscopic clipping, but 1 patient required emergent laparotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic piecemeal resection after submucosal saline injection with an intensive follow-up program is a safe and effective treatment for large, sessile colorectal polyps.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Effectiveness of endoscopic mucosal resection with submucosal saline injection technique for superficial squamous carcinomas of the esophagus.

BACKGROUND: Intraepithelial cancers (m1 cancer) and cancers that penetrate the basement membrane but do not approach the muscularis mucosae (m2 cancer) do not have lymph node metastasis and thus can be removed completely with mucosal resection. Therefore, in this study, the effectiveness of endoscopic mucosal resection with submucosal saline injection for removal of superficial esophageal cancers was investigated prospectively. METHODS: Twenty-five superficial esophageal cancers in 21 patients were removed with submucosal saline injection. When it was thought that a tumor had not been completely resected en bloc, it was removed completely in piecemeal fashion. Endoscopy was repeated 1, 3, 6, 12 months or more after endoscopic resection. RESULTS: All superficial esophageal cancers were completely removed: 18 (72%) en bloc and 7 (28%) by piecemeal resection. No recurrence was found during a mean observation period of 2.0 years (range 0.8 to 3.6) after resection. Bleeding occurred in 5 cases (24%) during or after resection but was successfully treated with the endoscopic alginate or thrombin spray technique. There was no perforation. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic mucosal resection with submucosal saline injection is effective for removal of superficial cancers of the esophagus.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Effectiveness of the near-infrared electronic endoscope for diagnosis of the depth of involvement of gastric cancers.

BACKGROUND: Near-infrared light penetrates deeply into tissue but is not visible with a conventional endoscope. We developed a new infrared electronic endoscope system and evaluated its usefulness for assessing the depth of involvement of gastric cancers. METHODS: A total of 61 patients with depressed or ulcerated gastric cancers underwent infrared endoscopy after intravenous injection of indocyanine green. RESULTS: Intramucosal cancers were observed as tumors with or without a homogeneous tumor stain, whereas submucosal or deeper cancers were observed as tumors with an inhomogeneous stain or with pooling of the dye. Histologic examination showed staining properties of gastric cancers were significantly correlated with the characteristics of the vascular bed. The accuracy for depth of cancer invasion was 89% for mucosal cancers and 89% for submucosal or deeper cancers. CONCLUSION: Our new infrared electronic endoscope system was useful for distinguishing mucosal cancers from submucosal or deeper cancers either with or without ulcerative changes.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Elevation of mRNA levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen activator in hippocampus and cerebral cortex following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) have been used for thrombolitic therapy. In contrast, it is suggested that these compounds might be involved in neuronal cell damage. The activation and the function of tPA and uPA are less understood in ischemic brain tissue. Therefore, changes in tPA and uPA mRNA in rat brain tissue after MCA occlusion and in the neuronal cell line, PC12 cells, during the hypoxic stimulation were examined. Permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion was induced by advancing a filament into the internal carotid artery in 36 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The ischemic cerebral cortex and contralateral cortex of MCA area, and bilateral hippocampus were collected at 0 (controls), 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after occlusion. Hypoxia was induced in PC12 cells with a multigas incubator (set to 1% O2). The quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction acted as a measurement of alteration in mRNA levels. The mRNA levels of tPA and uPA were significantly increased after MCA occlusion in the ischemic cerebral cortex. The magnitude of the increase in tPA and uPA mRNA in 24 h after occlusion was twice the value in sham-operated rat (0 h). The increases of tPA mRNA were time-dependent in insult and contralateral hippocampus. The increase of uPA mRNA was also seen in the hippocampus bilaterally, although the increase was more significant on the ipsilateral side. In PC12 cells, necrotic (approximately 35%) and apoptotic cells (approximately 65%) could be distinguished by hypoxic stimulus for 24 h, and the mRNA for tPA was significantly increased for 6 h-12 h, while the mRNA for uPA was not detected at any point in the study. Our results suggest that focal ischemia might result in the activation of these proteases not only in the insult but also in the contralateral brain tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Diagnostic utility of CSF soluble CD27 for primary central nervous system lymphoma in immunocompetent patients.

The aim of this study is to determine the diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) soluble CD27 (sCD27) as a tumor marker for primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) in immunocompetent patients. A total of 93 CSF samples were collected from the following four patient groups: the PCNSL group, 13 patients (26 samples) with PCNSL, 12 samples obtained at initial diagnosis, 10 during therapy, four at complete remission; the other brain tumors (OBT) group, 30 patients (30 samples) with other brain tumors; the other neurological diseases (OND) group, 25 (25 samples) with other neurological diseases; the inflammatory neurological diseases (IND) group, 12 patients (12 samples) with inflammatory neurological diseases. sCD27 levels were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The optimal cut-off value was found to be 15 U ml-1. The CSF sCD27 levels were over 15 U ml-1 in 23 of the 26 PCNSL samples and were significantly higher than those in the OBT and OND groups in which all samples were below 15 U ml-1. Elevated CSF sCD27 levels were also observed in 11 of 12 IND samples. In the two PCNSL patients whose CSF sCD27 levels were studied longitudinally, the sCD27 levels correlated very well with remission and relapse of the disease. CSF sCD27 is useful as a tumor marker for PCNSL in immunocompetent patients, and is also useful to evaluate the effect of various types of treatment. Although there was a large cross-reactivity in the CSF sCD27 levels between PCNSL and IND group, white blood cell count in the CSF is helpful to distinguish these two diseases.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Activation of caspase-9 and -3 during H2O2-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells independent of ceramide formation.

The treatment of PC12 cells with H2O2 (100-500 microM) resulted in typical apoptotic changes including fragmentation and condensation of nuclei, and DNA fragmentation observed as DNA ladder. H2O2-induced apoptosis was associated with activation of caspase-3 as assessed by cleavage of specific fluorogenic substrate peptide and processing of procaspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. However, formation of ceramide, which often locates upstream of caspase-3, was not observed. The inhibitory peptide relatively specific for caspase-3, z-DEVD-FMK and non-selective caspase inhibitor z-VAD-FMK inhibited activation of caspase-3 and apoptotic cell death. However, the relatively specific inhibitors, Ac-YVKD for caspase-1 and Ac-IETD for caspase-8/6, did not affect the occurrence of apoptotic cell death. As an upstream activation of caspase-3, induction of cytochrome c release followed by processing of procaspase-9 was observed by Western blotting, although the formation of intracellular ceramide was not observed. On the other hand, in PC12 cells overexpressing Bcl-2, the number of apoptotic cells was markedly decreased and activation of both caspases-9 and -3 was prevented. These results suggest that cytochrome c and caspase-9 initiate the activation of executor caspase-3 in H2O2-treated PC12 cells, and that Bcl-2 inhibits H2O2-induced release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and then proteolytic processing of procaspase-9.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Differential expression of beta-catenin in human glioblastoma multiforme and normal brain tissue.

Angiogenesis is considered to play an important role in the development of malignant brain tumors, especially glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Abnormal vascular construction with a glomeruloid appearance is characteristic of GBM. beta-catenin is known as one of the adhesive molecules associated not only with cell adhesion and cell polarity, but also with carcinogenesis. We postulated the relevance of beta-catenin to vigorous endothelial proliferation in human GBM because the vascular cells (VCs) are apt to lose their cell polarity. The object of this study is to compare the immunohistochemical localization of beta-catenin in VCs between GBMs and normal brain tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis of beta-catenin for VCs in 32 GBMs and 10 normal brain tissues was performed. beta-catenin was found concentrated in the areas of vascular cell-cell junction and internal surface of the vascular lumen in all normal brains. In contrast, beta-catenin, in proliferating VCs in GBMs, was stained homogeneously and intensely in the cytoplasms of 26 cases (81.3%), in which nuclear staining of beta-catenin was also recognized in four cases (12.5%). In conclusion, the intracellular localization of beta-catenin in VCs of GBMs was found to be different from that of normal brain tissues. The changes of expression of beta-catenin may be associated with the angiogenesis or transformation of the VCs in human GBM.

Brain↗

PubMed2000

Elevated transferrin concentration in cerebral spinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Calcium-elevating protein cross-reacted with anti-human transferrin (TF) was purified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The concentration of TF in CSF after SAH was measured, and the effects of TF on cultured smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were evaluated in order to understand the relationship between TF and cerebral vasospasm. Cisternal CSF samples were collected from 12 patients (seven men and 13 women) with SAH due to the rupture of a cerebral aneurysm, and eight control subjects. The patients were divided into two groups: (1) those presenting no clinical and radiological evidence of vasospasm (the non-vasospasm group; three men and 10 women, mean age 54.7 years), and (2) those presenting evidence of vasospasm (the vasospasm group; four men and three women, mean age 58.3 years). The concentration of TF in CSF was measured using Speriol micro-transferrin measure assay method. Nitrite accumulation in the culture media of SMCs incubated with TF was determined by diazotization method. The mRNA levels of inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS) in SMC incubated with TF were measured by the reverse transcription-coupled polymerase chain reaction method. Levels of TF were markedly different in the SAH and the control subjects. In the control group, all subjects had no detectable quantity of TF. In contrast, all patients after SAH had quantifiable TF in their CSF. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the vasospasm group and the non-vasospasm group in TF levels (p < 0.05). In the vasospasm group, the average value was 10.43 +/- 2.8 mg dl-1. In the non-vasospasm group, the average was 3.69 +/- 0.31 mg dl-1. The nitrite content in the culture medium incubated with TF was three times the content of control. TF also induced iNOS mRNA in SMC. This study demonstrated that an elevation of TF concentration in CSF after SAH was detected and iNOS mRNA in SMCs was also induced by TF. This may be involved in some roles of the development of the pathological series of events after SAH, including vasospasm.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

A monoclonal antibody to human SP-10 inhibits in vitro the binding of human sperm to hamster oolemma but not to human Zona pellucida.

SP-10 is a sperm intra-acrosomal protein, specific to the testis, that is believed to play an important role in egg-sperm binding. While the molecular characterization of the SP-10 protein has been clarified, little is yet known of its functional role in fertilization. We therefore established a monoclonal antibody (mAb pep-SP10) against a peptide (pep-SP10) that included the most hydrophilic portion of human SP-10 between the 135th and 149th amino acids. Human SP-10 was found to be localized in the equatorial region of acrosome-reacted sperm by immunofluorescent staining using our mAb pep-SP10. Monoclonal Ab pep-SP10 inhibited sperm-oolemma binding in the zona-free hamster egg penetration test, but it did not inhibit sperm-zona binding in the hemizona assay. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the oolemmal ligands of human SP-10 did not include beta(1) integrins, the most promising candidates for oocyte ligands involved in sperm-oolemma binding, based on the findings of a human sperm-cultured cell binding assay using F9 mouse embryonal carcinoma cells and F9-transformed cells lacking beta(1) integrins. In conclusion, our present data suggest that human SP-10, expressed on the equatorial region of acrosome-reacted sperm, indeed mediates sperm-oolemma binding in a beta(1) integrin-independent manner, but not sperm-zona binding.

Acrosome↗