TRH-induced TSH response in unipolar, bipolar, and secondary depressions: possible utility in clinical assessment and differential diagnosis.
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Bipolar Disorder↗
Biomedical subjects
N Ryan
Publications and source records attributed to N Ryan.
Calcium deposition in human pituitary adenomas studied by histology, electron microscopy, electron diffraction and X-ray spectrometry.
The incidence and morphogenesis of calcification were investigated by histology, electron microscopy, electron diffraction and X-ray spectrometry in 312 surgically removed human pituitary adenomas. By light microscopy the incidence of calcification was 9%. The calcium deposits were evident in several adenoma types, but were most frequent and extensive in prolactin-producing adenomas. Histologically calcium deposits represented amorphous precipitates and psammoma bodies staining with hematoxylin, the von Kossa technique and alizarin red. By electron microscopy, calcified deposits were noted in the cytoplasm of adenoma cells and extracellular space. Electron diffraction and X-ray spectrometry of intracellular precipitates as well as psammoma bodies showed the presence of phosphate, calcium and organically bound sulphur with a ratio of 3.5:5:2, indicating that they contained calcium hydroxyapatite. Present findings provide evidence that mitochondria with microcrystal deposition of calcium represent the primary sites of calcification.
Adenoma↗
Histologic, immunocytologic and subcellular changes in the rat adenohypophysis caused by prolactin, growth hormone and ACTH-producing transplanted pituitary tumors: a comparison with spontaneous prolactin-producing adenomas.
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Pituitary adenomas in old age.
Pituitaries obtained at unselected autopsies of 152 men and women over 80 years of age, dying of different diseases, have been investigated histologically by using various staining procedures, including the immunoperoxidase technique. In 20 pituitaries, 22 adenomas were found providing evidence that these tumors are common in aging subjects. In 9 adenomas out of 17 cases, the immunoperoxidase technique revealed the presence of prolactin, indicating that prolactin-producing adenomas constitute the most frequently occurring pituitary tumor type in old age. The presence of growth hormone was demonstrated in one adenoma which also contained prolactin. No storage of ACTH, FSH, LH or TSH was found in the tumors. The biologic behavior of pituitary adenomas disclosed as incidental findings in old age remains to be elucidated. These neoplasms may have a slower growth rate, but more work is required to establish whether they differ from those found in younger age groups.
Adenoma↗
Pituitary prolactin cell hyperplasia.
In female Long-Evans rats, development of prolactin cell adenomas is preceded by hyperplasia of prolactin cells, suggesting that factors affecting the endocrine function of prolactin cells might have an important role in the genesis of prolactin-producing pituitary tumors.
Adenoma↗
An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural comparison of the effects of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine on intrasellar and transplanted rat pituitaries.
Following 2 weeks of administration of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, a marked decrease was observed in prolactin immunoreactivity of the grafted pituitaries, whereas no reduction was noted in the intrasellar pituitaries. No evidence of crinophagy was revealed by electron microscopy in prolactin cells of 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine-treated rats.
Animals↗
Distinguishing unipolar and bipolar depression by thyrotropin release test.
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Bipolar Disorder↗
Autolytic changes in the rat adenohypophysis. A histologic, immunocytologic and electron microscopic study.
Thirty-nine adult female Long Evans rats were decapitated and the heads stored at room temperature. The pituitaries were removed at intervals from 30 minutes to seven days, fixed, embedded and studied by histology, immunocytology and electron microscopy. Histologically, changes were noticeable after two hours postmortem. Immunoperoxidase staining showed postivity for growth hormone, prolactin, FSH, LH and TSH up to seven days after sacrifice, appearing even stronger in the advanced stages of autolysis. Fine structural alterations were evident at 30 minutes and more conspicuous later. Changes included dilation, partial degranulation and whorl formation of RER, swelling of Golgi complexes and mitochondria, chromatin clumping, lysis, rhexis and pyknosis of nuclei, cytosegresome formation and disruption of cell membranes. Secretory granules remained well preserved throughout, although some exhibited fusion or reduced electron density. Dilation of capillaries with accumulation of erythrocytes, platelets and fibrin fibers were prominent findings. The severity of changes varied considerably from cell to cell indicating that the rate of autolysis is not the same among different cell types and is possibly affected by the actual functional state of the cell. It appears that increased membrane permeability and disruption of plasmalemma represent important steps in the autolytic process.
Animals↗
Corticotroph cells of the human pituitary in old age.
This study was undertaken, utilizing immunocytologic methods and in particular the immunoperoxidase technique, to evaluate corticotroph cell morphology and distribution in the pituitary glands of aged subjects dying of various diseases. Early histologic studies did not allow for reliable identification of the different adenohypophysial cell types. Corticotroph cell distribution within the gland is described as well as its morphological characteristics. Our findings substantiate conclusions based on biochemical investigations that corticotroph cells remain unchanged and function normally in aged subjects.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Thyrotrophs in old age. An immunocytologic study of human pituitary glands.
In order to reveal whether thyrotroph cells of the human pituitary are affected by aging, a histologic and immunocytologic study was undertaken on the pituitaries of patients over 80 years of age (10 men, 10 women), dying of various acute illnesses and the findings compared with those of a younger age group (10 men, 10 women), dying of various acute illnesses between the age of 20-56 years. The incidence, distribution, granulation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, as well as immunoreactivity of TSH cells, showed no major differences related to age and sex. Lack of involution of thyrotroph cells in old subjects indicates that the pituitary is capable of producing TSH with advancing age.
Adult↗
Prolactin cell adenomas of the human pituitary. Morphologic features of prolactin cells in the nontumorous portions of the anterior lobe.
Twenty pituitary glands, harbouring prolactin cell adenomas, obtained from autopsy of male and female patients of various ages and dying of different diseases have been investigated by the immunoperoxidase technique in order to reveal the morphologic changes of prolactin cells in the nontumorous protions of the anterior lobes. For comparison, 40 nontumorous pituitary glands and 20 pituitaries lodging adenomas not consisting of prolactin cells have also been studied. In all four prolactin cell adenoma cases, the anterior lobes contained numberous prolactin cells outside the tumors, indicating a lack of involution of prolactin cells in the nontumorous portions of the pituitary glands.
Adenoma↗
Ectopic ACTH syndrome: clinicopathological correlations.
Ten out of 164 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma showed pathological evidence at necropsy of the ectopic ACTH syndrome. All occurred in association with oat-cell carcinoma, constituting 19% of that group. The pathological features consisted of adrenocortical hyperplasia confined to the zona fasciculata and Crooke's hyaline change in the pituitary. Immunoperoxidase stainable ACTH was detected in the pituitary but not in the carcinoma tissue, a surprising finding, which may be due to the different nature of ACTH present in tumour tissue. The ectopic ACTH syndrome was diagnosed ante mortem in only four out of 10 patients on the basis of hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis. The lack of clinical pointers in all but terminal cases is discussed as well as possible measures for earlier diagnosis.
Adrenal Glands↗
Human pituitary growth hormone cells in old age.
Pituitaries obtained at autopsy from 18 men and 17 women, over 80 years of age, who died of various acute illness, were investigated histologically by various staining procedures, including the immunoperoxidase technique. Compared with pituitaries of 10 male and 10 female subjects who died of short-lasting diseases between 20 and 56 years of age, no involution of growth hormone cells was found in pituitaries of the older group. Incidence, distribution, granulation and immunoreactivity of growth hormone cells showed no apparent differences related to age and sex. Lack of regression of growth hormone cells with advancing age indicates that the pituitary can produce growth hormone in old subjects.
Adult↗
A required program in geriatrics for medical students.
Very few medical schools in the United States have compulsory training in geriatrics for medical students. A program has been developed in the Department of Family Practice at Southern Illinois UniversitySchool of Medicine. This has become a required component of the undergraduate family practice clerkship. The initial format is described together with changes which occurred as result of student, faculty, and patient feedback, practical problems encountered in conducting the program, and changes in educational goals.
Aged↗
Staining of human pituitary glands with lead hematoxylin in comparison with other histochemical procedures, including the immunoenzyme technique.
Human pituitary glands and pituitary adenomas, obtained by surgery or at autopsy, have been stained with lead hematoxylin and the results were compared with those of other histochemical procedures, including the immunoperoxidase technique. Lead hematoxylin positivity was found in the cytoplasm of melanocorticotroph, thyrotroph as well as gonadotroph cells, indicating that lead hematoxylin has no selective affinity for melanocorticotroph cells. Lead hematoxylin positive cells also stained with the PAS technique. Lead hematoxylin positivity was not revealed in growth hormone cells or in prolactin cells. Basophilic adenomas, composed of melanocorticotroph cells and associated with Cushing's disease or with Nelson's syndrome or unaccompanied by hormonal hypersecretion, showed intense lead hematoxylin positivity. Thus, no correlation was evident between lead hematoxylin positivity and secretory activity. Acidophilic or chromophobic adenomas consisting of growth hormone cells, prolactin cells, stem cells, undifferentiated cells or oncocytes, however, were negative. It can be concluded that the lead hematoxylin staining techniques a reliable, easy and reproducible histochemical method, and its use can be recommended in studies related to adenohypophysial cytology.
Adenoma↗
Prolactin cells of the human pituitary gland in old age.
Pituitary glands obtained at autopsy from 20 male and 20 female subjects, over 80 years of age, have been investigated with various staining procedures, including the immunoperoxidase technique for the cytological localization of prolactin. Prolactin cells were numerous and well developed in the anterior lobes. The incidence, distribution, granulation and immunoreactivity of prolactin cells showed no apparent difference between old male and female subjects dying of acute or chronic illnesses. It can be concluded that prolactin cells do not regress in old age. The morphologic findings are consistent with the assumption that the pituitary gland is capable of secreting prolactin in aging subjects.
Aged↗
Geriatrics program for medical students and family practice residents. I. Establishing attitudes toward the aged.
This report concerns the initiation of required experience in geriatrics for undergraduate medical students and a program of research designed to evaluate that experience. Through the use of questionnaires, an attempt was made to differentiate between attitudes toward the elderly and their rehabilitation potential as stated by medical students, family practice residents, and professional and nonprofessional nursing-home staff members. Important differences were found between professional and nonprofessional groups, but no significant differences among professionals. Implications for the training of professional and nonprofessional staff members are discussed, and further research plans specified.
Aged↗