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Biomedical subjects

N R Butler

Publications and source records attributed to N R Butler.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1973

Smoking in pregnancy and subsequent child development.

A national sample of several thousand children has been followed longitudinally from birth. At the ages of 7 and 11 years physical and mental retardation due to smoking in pregnancy has been found, and this deficit increases with the number of cigarettes smoked after the fourth month of pregnancy. Children of mothers who smoked 10 or more cigarettes a day are on average 1.0 cm shorter and between three and five months retarded on reading, mathematics, and general ability compared with the offspring of non-smokers, after allowing for associated social and biological factors.

Body Height↗
PubMed1972

Cigarette smoking in pregnancy: its influence on birth weight and perinatal mortality.

In a British population cigarette smoking during pregnancy increased the late fetal plus neonatal mortality rate by 28% and reduced birth weight by 170 g, and these differences persist even after allowing for a number of "mediating" maternal and social variables. A change in smoking habit by the end of the fourth month of pregnancy places a mother in the risk category appropriate to her changed habit. This evidence should have important implications for health education aimed at getting pregnant mothers to give up smoking.

Birth Weight↗