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Biomedical subjects

N L Day

Publications and source records attributed to N L Day.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Sleep architecture and continuity measures of neonates with chronic lung disease.

Electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep studies of 25 preterm neonates with chronic lung disease (CLD) corrected to a fullterm postconceptional age were compared with recordings from two groups of neonates without CLD: a fullterm appropriate for gestational age group (9 patients) and a preterm group studied at a corrected term postconceptional age (15 patients). Electrographic/polygraphic studies were obtained using 21-channel EEG recordings. Scores were tabulated based on minute-by-minute visual analyses of sleep state, number and duration of arousals, body movements and rapid eye movements (REM). A significant reduction in the percentage of active sleep was noted in the CLD group compared to both control groups (31.15% vs. 47.01% and 52.9%, respectively). The mean percentage of indeterminate sleep was significantly increased in the study group as compared to both control groups (31.23% vs. 15.18% and 11.5%). In addition, significant differences were noted between the CLD group and the healthy preterm control group with respect to the number (0.29/minute vs. 0.13/minute) and duration (4.8 seconds vs. 2.94 seconds) of arousals as well as the total number of body movements (1.57/minute vs. 0.74/minute). These data suggest that neurophysiological organization of the immature brain, as reflected in neonatal sleep architecture and continuity measures, is adversely affected in neonates with CLD. EEG sleep architecture and continuity measures may be helpful in predicting the longitudinal outcome of infants with CLD as this group is at risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1991

Characterizing organic delusional syndrome.

We present a first comprehensive description of the clinical features of patients with organic delusional syndrome. This description is based on information from 39 patients with organic delusional syndrome among 14,889 patients who presented for initial evaluation over a 5-year period at our institution. This description includes an enumeration of the common clinical symptoms of this syndrome and the respective prevalence and mean severity of each symptom. The severity of the symptoms of organic delusional syndrome are compared with those of schizophrenia to determine which symptoms distinguish between these two diagnostic categories. Patients with organic delusional syndrome demonstrated significantly more symptoms of "acquired intellectual impairment," "impaired sensorium," and "hallucinations of smell, taste, or touch," while schizophrenic patients demonstrated more "flat affect," "emotional coldness," and "thought disorganization." In addition, associated factors are presented concerning demographics, modes of treatment, level of functioning, and current physical problems associated with organic delusional syndrome.

Delusions↗
PubMed1991

The effects of prenatal alcohol use on the growth of children at three years of age.

In this prospective study of substance use during pregnancy, women were interviewed in their 4th and 7th prenatal months, and women and children were assessed at 24 hr, 8, 18, and 36 months postpartum. Data are presented on the outcome of 519 children at age 3. At 3 years, children who were exposed prenatally to alcohol were smaller in weight, length, and head circumference. They also had an increased number of minor physical anomalies. These effects were found even after controlling for nutritional and environmental factors. The persistence of growth effects at age 3 suggests that children exposed to alcohol prenatally may have a diminished capacity for growth.

Body Height↗
PubMed1991

Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring growth at 18 months of age: the predictive validity of two measures of drinking.

This is an analysis of the effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth of the offspring at 18 months of age. In this prospective study, a cohort of women was interviewed at the end of each trimester of pregnancy, at delivery, and at 8 and 18 months. Offspring were examined at each follow-up point. Two drinking scales, average daily volume (ADV) and frequent heavy drinking (FHD), were used to explore the effect of different patterns of drinking. We found significant relationships between both prenatal FHD and ADV and offspring growth at 18 months. A significant and inverse relationship was found between ADV during the second and the third trimesters of pregnancy and weight, height, and head circumference at 18 months. Frequent heavy drinking during all three trimesters predicted a significant decrease in head circumference at 18 months. FHD during the second trimester was significantly related to weight and height at 18 months. Analyses demonstrated that ADV was a better predictor of growth deficits than FHD.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Prenatal alcohol exposure: a continuum of effects.

Studies of alcohol consumption, although somewhat inconsistent, have shown a relationship between prenatal alcohol exposure, growth retardation, and morphologic abnormalities. The inconsistency of the observed effects may be a result of differential exposure, exposure at different times during pregnancy, methodologic problems with identification and measurement, or inadequate control for risk factors that covary with alcohol consumption. There have been too few studies to assess accurately the effect of drinking on development beyond the neonatal period. Some studies have found that infants of heavy drinking mothers are growth-retarded and developmentally delayed throughout the preschool ages. These effects seem to be related to prenatal alcohol exposure in a dose-response manner. While these studies await replication, these findings do parallel those reported for children with FAS and children of alcoholic mothers. Laboratory research has also shown that toxic exposures during pregnancy affect the fetus differentially as the exposure dose increases, beginning with behavioral or central nervous system effects, then growth and morphologic effects. FAS patients are affected in all of these domains with cognitive and behavioral problems, growth retardation, and morphologic abnormalities. Children who have been prenatally exposed to moderate levels of alcohol in the MHPCD sample also show deficits in each of these domains, illustrating a continuum of response. Thus, the consequences of heavy drinking seem to represent the more severe end of a continuum of effects seen in the offspring of alcoholics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1991

Prenatal marijuana use: epidemiology, methodologic issues, and infant outcome.

What do we know about marijuana use among women of reproductive age and about the use of marijuana during pregnancy? Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit substance, and after alcohol and tobacco, the most commonly used drug during pregnancy. Women who use marijuana are more likely to be white, younger, and to use other substances. The characteristics of women who use marijuana during early pregnancy are similar, although women who continue to use marijuana throughout pregnancy are somewhat different. These women are less-well educated, of lower social class, much more likely to use other substances, and more likely to be black. We do not know why some women use marijuana while others do not, and why some women discontinue their use during pregnancy while others do not. What do we know about the effects of marijuana use during pregnancy? A number of studies have investigated the relationship between prenatal marijuana exposure and outcome at birth. The results, unfortunately, are equivocal. Prospective studies that have examined women at regular and frequent intervals during pregnancy, in general, have not found a relationship between marijuana use and birthweight (Day NL, Sambamoorthi U, Taylor P, et al: unpublished data, 1990) although some have reported a small effect of marijuana use on birth length (Day NL, Sambamoorthi U, Taylor P, et al: unpublished data, 1990). Other studies, some prospective and some retrospective, have reported correlations between marijuana use during pregnancy and smaller size at birth. Several of these studies, however, failed to control adequately for other illicit drug use while one used marijuana only as a dichotomous variable in the analysis. Therefore, we do not yet know whether there is or is not an effect of marijuana use during pregnancy on intrauterine growth retardation. Only a few studies have reported on growth outside the neonatal period, and these studies have not found a consistent effect of prenatal marijuana exposure. There are, however, too few reports to assume that this is definitive. Several studies reported a relationship between prenatal marijuana use and the gestational age of the infant. As with growth, however, other studies have not corroborated these findings. Similarly, two studies have noted an increase in morphologic abnormalities, although one of these did not have a control group for comparison. Most studies have reported finding no relationship with either minor or major morphologic abnormalities. At birth, investigators have assessed the relationship between prenatal marijuana exposure and neurobehavioral outcome. Again, the results are contradictory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Female↗
PubMed1990

Recall of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

This is a test-retest reliability study of self-reported alcohol use during pregnancy, in which two groups of women provided two reports about their first trimester drinking over a 3-month interval (Group 1) and over a 5-month interval (Group 2). Women in Group 1 (n = 91) were queried about first trimester alcohol consumption during their fourth month of pregnancy and again during their seventh month, a 3-month recall interval. Group 2 women (n = 88) provided first trimester drinking reports during their fourth month of pregnancy and again at delivery, a 5-month recall interval. The test-retest Pearson correlation coefficient for recall of first trimester average daily volume (ADV) was .61 (p = .000) for Group 1 and .53 (p = .000) for Group 2. When the ADV scores were grouped into five ordinal categories, 51.6% of Group 1 and 56.8% of Group 2 remained in the same category at test and retest. This leads to the conclusion that self-reported alcohol consumption is moderately reliable over a 3-month and a 5-month time period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth and morphology of offspring at 8 months of age.

In this prospective study of alcohol and other substance use during pregnancy, a cohort of women was interviewed at each trimester of pregnancy and when the offspring were 8 months of age. Data are presented concerning the outcome for 461 infants. A significant relationship was found between alcohol use during pregnancy and the growth and morphology of the offspring at the 8-month follow-up observation. Alcohol use during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and continuous use of alcohol throughout pregnancy were significantly related to lower weight, length, and head circumference in the exposed infants at the follow-up observation. A significant increase in the risk of minor physical anomalies and fetal alcohol effects was also predicted by prenatal alcohol exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Prenatal exposure to alcohol: effect on infant growth and morphologic characteristics.

In this prospective study of alcohol and other substance use during pregnancy, a cohort of 650 women was interviewed at each trimester of pregnancy. Data are presented concerning the status of 595 live singleton births. A relationship was demonstrated between prenatal maternal alcohol use and growth and morphologic abnormalities in the offspring. Low birth weight, decreased head circumference and length, and an increased rate of fetal alcohol effects were all found to be significantly correlated with exposure to alcohol during the first 2 months of the first trimester.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1988

The effects of prenatal alcohol and marijuana exposure: disturbances in neonatal sleep cycling and arousal.

Neonatal EEG and sleep findings are presented from a longitudinal study of the effects of maternal alcohol and marijuana use during pregnancy. Infant outcome has been examined relative to the trimester(s) of pregnancy during which use occurred. Disturbances in sleep cycling, motility, and arousals were noted that were both substance and trimester specific. Alcohol consumed during the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with disruptions in sleep and arousal, whereas marijuana use affected sleep and motility regardless of the trimester in which it was used. Although these findings are preliminary and based on a small sample of women exhibiting only moderate substance use during pregnancy, they do suggest that specific neurophysiological systems may be differentially affected by prenatal alcohol or marijuana exposure even in the absence of morphological abnormalities.

Arousal↗
PubMed1985

Patterns of alcohol use and physically aggressive behavior in men.

Research on the relationship between alcohol use and aggressive behavior has typically focused on arrested felons and has contained minimal data on alcohol use, the symptoms of alcoholism and potential explanatory variables. The present study examined this relationship in a community-based population of blue-collar workers (N = 484 men). Current alcohol consumption was not related to either the number of fights that subjects were involved in since age 18 or physical marital conflict. However, a pathological pattern of consumption and a recent diagnosis (within the previous 3 yr) of alcohol misuse or alcohol dependence were related to physical marital conflict. Furthermore, these relationships remained significant after sociodemographic factors, and hostility and marital satisfaction were controlled for. Thus, these results on aggressive behavior confirm previous findings from research on criminal violence.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal and neonatal effects of moderate cocaine use during pregnancy.

Thirty-four women who reported using cocaine during pregnancy were compared to 600 women who reported no cocaine use during pregnancy and none for the year prior to pregnancy. Subjects were participants in a prospective, longitudinal study of prenatal substance use. The sample consisted of young, predominantly single, low-income women attending a public prenatal clinic. Women were interviewed at the end of their first, second and third trimesters regarding cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, tobacco and other drug use. The majority of the cocaine users were light to moderate users who decreased their use during pregnancy. The cocaine group was more likely to be white and to use alcohol, marijuana, tobacco and other illicit drugs more heavily than the comparison group. The cocaine users had more previous fetal losses but did not differ on other obstetrical complications. Infant growth, morphology and behavior were not affected.

Adolescent↗