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Biomedical subjects

N Kosakai

Publications and source records attributed to N Kosakai.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

[Comparison of antibacterial potencies of oral and parenteral antibiotic preparations against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Proteus isolated from urinary tract infections (3: 1981) 1. Susceptibility distribution].

In vitro activities of antibacterial agents against E. coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Proteus which were isolated from patients with urinary tract infections at 8 hospitals in Japan, were investigated by dilution broth method using MIC 2000 (Dynatec) during July to October in 1981. The summarized results are as follows: Among oral antibacterial agents, MPC and PPA have showed potent antibacterial activities against E. coli and Klebsiella. In vitro activities of oral antibacterial agents against Proteus and Citrobacter showed not so potent. Among the first and second generation's parenteral antibacterial agents, CTM has showed potent antibacterial activities against E. coli and Klebsiella. Among the third generation's parenteral antibacterial agents, CMX, CTX and CZX have showed potent antibacterial activities against E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus and Citrobacter.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

[Comparison of antibacterial potencies of oral and parenteral antibiotic preparations against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Proteus isolated from urinary tract infections (3: 1981). 2. Changes in bacterial sensitivities].

Since 1979 the antibacterial activity of antibiotics against E. coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Proteus isolated from patients with urinary tract infections has been investigated. The serious transition of susceptibilities of E. coli and Klebsiella could not be recognized in these antibiotics (MPC, ABPC, NA, PPA, CEX, CEZ, CTM, CMZ and CFX). However, a few resistant organisms against the third generation's antibiotics (CTX, CMX, CZX, LMOX and CPZ) have already been appeared, we have to observe these results, continuously.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

[Comparison of antibacterial potencies of oral and parenteral antibiotic preparations against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Proteus isolated from urinary tract infections (3. 1981). 3. Patient backgrounds and bacterial sensitivities].

Routine susceptibilities testing of microorganisms isolated from patients are of restricted usefulness in the treatment of patients because of the delay in obtaining results. Thus, the empiric chemotherapy based on the susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from patients is necessary for the majority of patients with simple and complicated urinary tract infections. In this study the relation between changing susceptibility and background factors such as age, a sex distinction, antibiotics, areas in Japan, simple and complicated UTI and so on, has been investigated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Susceptibility of bacteria isolated from lower respiratory tract infections to antibiotics (1981)].

During the period from September 1981 to March 1982, 363 bacterial isolates were obtained as possible pathogens from 311 patients with lower respiratory tract infections at 12 medical institutions in Japan. Of these clinical isolates, mostly from the sputum, a total of 231 isolates including 19 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 33 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 90 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 65 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 17 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 7 strains of Escherichia coli were tested in vitro for minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 17 antimicrobial agents, and their antimicrobial susceptibility distribution and cumulative percentages of inhibited isolates by increasing concentrations of drugs were determined. The data were further analyzed to investigate the interrelation between such parameters as the age-distribution of patients by diseases of the respiratory system, sex and types of infection and the species and frequency of isolation of the organisms, and also the relationship between the antimicrobial chemotherapy prior to collection of clinical specimens and the species and incidence of the bacterial isolates. In respiratory infections, it is frequently that chemotherapy should be instituted with an appropriate drug even before the causative organism can be identified and assessed for its antimicrobial susceptibility. The present data may provide valuable informations in selecting appropriate drugs in practical, clinical use.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[An in vitro study of susceptibility of Flavobacterium meningosepticum to antibiotics].

The present study concern in vitro observation on the susceptibility to 20 antibacterial agents of the strains of Flavobacterium meningosepticum from clinical specimens at Juntendo University Hospital during the 1 year period of 1981. The tests for susceptibility of the 144 strains to the drugs were all performed by the serial 2-fold agar plate dilution method on Mueller Hinton agar (Difco), standardized by the Japan Society of Chemotherapy using the Microplanter apparatus with one loop of approximately 10(8) cells/ml. The antibacterial agents tested were as follows: ampicillin, sulbenicillin, piperacillin, mezlocillin, cefazolin, cefmetazole, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, nalidixic acid, pipemidic acid, erythromycin and clindamycin. 1. Thirty-seven per cent of the strains were isolated from sputum, 23% from urine (greater than or equal to 10(5) ml), and 18% from pus and exudate. Only 3 and 2 strains were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and blood, respectively. 2. A large number of the strains tested were highly resistant to ABPC, SBPC, CEZ, KM, TOB, AMK, PPA and EM, and moderately resistant to PIPC, MZPC, CMZ, CPZ, CTX, CZX, GM, TC and NA. The most of the strains were highly sensitive to MINO, CLDM and DOXY in this order. There was no strain resistant to MINO in this study. 3. The yearly change of the antibacterial activities of DOXY, MINO, CLDM was not significant and 9% of the strains in 1981 were highly resistant to CLDM. The strains resistant to EM were more frequently seen in 1981 than in 1974--1976.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1982

Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes and its correlation with T-type.

Erythromycin is accepted as the second drug of choice for streptococcal infections. The incidence of macrolide resistance in streptococcal strains has been low and the previously reported macrolide-resistant strains were almost all serotype T-12. In a 2-year survey conducted from 1979 to 1980, the strains isolated from a wide variety of geographic locations throughout Japan were studied for their macrolide-resistance. The resistance to erythromycin was correlated with the T-type of these strains and its minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined. Serotype T-12 strains isolated during this period were highly resistant to erythromycin. In addition, resistant strains were found in T-4 and T-1, the two other frequently isolated serotypes. Two point eight percent strains were moderately resistant with MICs of 1.56 to 12.5 microgram per ml and 25.5% of the strains were highly resistant with 100 microgram MIC or more.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Significance of anti-deoxyribonuclease-B (ADN-B) determination in clinical practice.

The determination of anti-deoxyribonuclease-B (ADN-B) is very important for the diagnosis of antecedent streptococcal infection because almost all of group A streptococci have this antigen and a strong elevation of the antibody is observed in patients with acute rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis and other streptococcal infections. Moreover, ADN-B titers are elevated in cases with streptococcal skin infection, whereas anti-streptolysin O (ASO) titers are rarely elevated in these cases. So the determination of ADN-B is recommended as the second streptococcal antibody test to ASO detection (manual of WHO). In our study, the upper limits of ADN-B in normal subjects were 1:60 in preschool age, 1:480 in school age and 1:340 in adult age groups. In acute rheumatic fever, ADN-B titers were elevated in 87% of the cases and also 87% of the patients with acute glomerulonephritis had high ADN-B titers. In inactive rheumatic fever, 72% of the patients had high ADN-B titers, while, ASO titers were elevated in only 22% of the cases. In streptococcal carrier states, 39% of the children had high ADN-B titers but ADN-B was positive only 8% in non-carrier children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Annual changes of sensitivities of Staphylococcus aureus to several antibiotics].

The antibacterial activities of Staph. aureus isolated in 1980 and 1981 at all districts in Japan to ABPC, CEZ, CMZ and GM were tested. Numbers of test strains were 587 strains in 1980 and 700 strains in 1981, respectively. The frequencies of ABPC and CEZ resistant strains of Staph. aureus (MIC: greater than or equal to 25 micrograms/ml) were clearly increased in annual variation. The percentage of CEZ resistant strains in 1981 tested by 10(8) CFU/ml inoculum size was 12.3%, but the same of CMZ was only 0.6%.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1982

[Compared studies of antimicrobial agents against E. coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Proteus isolated from urinary tract infections].

In vitro activities of antibacterial agents against E. coli, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Proteus which were isolated from patients urinary tract infections at 8 hospitals in Japan, were investigated by agar dilution method from July to October in 1979. The summarized results are as follows. 1. Among oral antibacterial agents, MPC and PPA have showed potent antibacterial activities against E. coli and Klebsiella. Among parenteral antibiotics, CTM was the most active against E. coli and Klebsiella. However, ABPC-resistant E. coli and Klebsiella have appeared to occupy about 40% and 96% of bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections, respectively. 2. In vitro activities of antibacterial agents against Proteus and Citrobacter showed not so potent. 3. Causative organisms in female patients with simple urinary tract infections were mainly E. coli and Klebsiella. 4. Among oral antibacterial agents, PPA have shown similar antimicrobial activities against E. coli isolated from simple and complicated urinary tract infections. ABPC and MPC have been influenced in some degree by these factors. However, parenteral antibiotics are not influenced by these factors. On the other hand, in vitro activities of antibacterial agents against Klebsiella isolated from simple and complicated urinary tract infections were similar.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Susceptibilities of Pseudomonas species to aminoglycosides and tetracyclines].

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has attracted much attention through its role in hospital outbreaks of disease. However, other members of the genus Pseudomonas, particularly Pseudomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas cepacia, may be isolated as opportunistic pathogens of man, and can be found in hospital materials. These organisms have been less susceptible to the commonly used antibiotics. This report deals with the in vitro sensitivity of Pseudomonas strains except for P. aeruginosa to aminoglycosides and tetracyclines. The following bacteria were tested: P. maltophilia (50 strains), P. fluorescens (29 strains), P. putida (52 strains), P. cepacia (49 strains), P. putrefaciens (18 strains), P. acidovorans (12 strains). All of the strains for this study were isolated from routine cultures of infected clinical materials which sent to the Clinical Laboratories, Juntendo University Hospital during the 1 year period of 1980. The tests for susceptibility of the strains to the 3 aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin) and 3 tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline) were all performed by the serial 2-fold agar plate dilution method on heart infusion agar, standardized by the Japan Society of Chemotherapy, using the microplanter apparatus with an inoculum size of approximately 10(8) CFU/ml. There were similar sensitivity patterns for the aminoglycosides tested; most of the strains of P. maltophilia, P. cepacia and P. acidovorans were resistant to the aminoglycosides, while most of P. fluorescens, P. putida and P. putrefaciens were sensitive. Minocycline and doxycycline were extremely active to the Pseudomonas species studied. Tetracycline was almost ineffective against P. maltophilia and P. cepacia.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1981

[Comparison of antibacterial activity of cefmenoxime with other cephalosporins against clinically isolated bacteria (author's transl)].

We examined the antibacterial activity of MX in comparison with those of other CEPs, using aerobic Gram-positive cocci, aerobic Gram-negative bacilli and anaerobic bacteria, 870 strains in total, all isolated from clinical specimens, in 1979 and 1980. Against Streptococcus, CMX showed superior antibacterial activity than those of CFX, CMZ, CXM and CTM. Against H. influenzae, CMX also showed superior antibacterial activity than those of CFX, CMX, CXM, CTM and CEZ. ABPC-and PIPC-resistant strains were sensitive to CMX. CTX, CPZ and CZX also showed antibacterial activities equivalent to that of CMX. Against enteric bacteria, E. coli, Klebsiella, E. cloacae, Serratia, C. freundii and Proteus, CMX showed superior antibacterial activity than those of CFX, CMZ, CXM, CTM and CEZ. Especially, against E. coli, Klebsiella, P. mirabilis, P. rettgeri and P. inconstans, CMX showed strong antibacterial activity. As to non-fermentation bacteria, CMX's antibacterial activity was relatively weak except P. putrefaciens, Alcaligenes and Comamonas. However, it was superior than that of CEZ. In comparison with other CEPs, the strength of CMX varied according to the kinds of bacteria. As to anaerobic bacteria, CMX showed strong antibacterial activity against Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Lactobacillus, Propionibacterium, C. perfringens, Veillonella and Fusobacterium. However, its antibacterial activity against Bacteroides was similar to those of other CEPs.

Bacteria↗