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N Kosakai

Publications and source records attributed to N Kosakai.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1988). I. Susceptibility distribution].

Isolation frequencies and sensitivities to antibacterial and antibiotic agents were investigated on 801 bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in 9 hospitals during the period of June to November 1988. Of the above total bacterial population, Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 29.3% and a majority of them were Enterococcus spp. Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 70.7% and most of them were Escherichia coli. 1. Enterococcus faecalis: Vancomycin was most active with its MIC90 < or = 0.78 microgram/ml. Ampicillin, piperacillin, ofloxacin (OFLX), ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and imipenem (IPM) were also active. 2. Staphylococcus aureus: Arbekacin and minocycline were most active with their MIC90s 0.39 microgram/ml and 1.56 micrograms/ml, respectively. Among penicillins, dicloxacillin was the most active. Activities of cephems were considerably lower. 3. E. coli: Most of the agents were tested active. Particularly the second and third generation cephems were active in a range of < or = 0.10-0.20 microgram/ml. Carumonam (CRMN), IPM, OFLX and CPFX were also active with MIC90s < or = 0.10 microgram/ml. 4. Klebsiella pneumoniae CRMN and IPM were highly active. Penicillins generally showed lower activities. Cephems and new quinolones had high activities with their MIC90s in a range of 0.39-0.78 microgram/ml. 5. Proteus mirabilis: The third generation cephems were active with their MIC90s in a range of < or = 0.10-0.20 microgram/ml. CRMN, OFLX and CPFX were also active with their MIC90s < or = 0.10 microgram/ml, 0.39 microgram/ml and 0.20 microgram/ml, respectively. 6. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: IPM and tobramycin were active with their MIC90s 1.56 micrograms/ml and 3.13 micrograms/ml, respectively. CRMN and new quinolones showed MIC80s of 25-100 micrograms/ml. Most of penicillins and cephems were not active. 7. Other Gram-negative rods: Against Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens, IPM, CPFX and OFLX were active. Penicillins and cephems were not so active. CRMN was active against S. marcescens with its MIC80 at 6.25 micrograms/ml.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1988). II. Background of patients].

Clinical background was investigated on 916 bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 9 hospitals during the period from June to November, 1988. 1. Distribution of sexes, ages and infections: Among males, fifties and older were most frequent and most of them had complicated UTIs. Among females, most cases among twenties or thirties were uncomplicated UTIs. Forties and older cases were most frequent and complicated UTIs were more frequent among them than among patients in twenties and thirties. 2. Distribution of sexes, ages and pathogens isolated from UTIs: In males, Pseudomonas spp. and Enterococcus spp. were frequently isolated. In contrast, in females, Escherichia coli was the most frequent. In thirties, E. coli was not the most frequently isolated bacterium. Frequency of Pseudomonas spp., other non-fermented Gram-negative rods and Enterococcus spp. were greater among patients with higher ages. 3. Administration of antibiotics and pathogens isolated from UTIs: (1) Before administration: In uncomplicated UTIs, E. coli accounted for the majority of causative organisms. In complicated UTIs, particularly in those cases with indwelling catheter, Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were rather frequently isolated. (2) After administration: In complicated UTIs, higher number of pathogens were isolated. Pseudomonas spp. and Enterococcus spp. were the most frequent. Distribution of pathogens isolated from complicated UTIs without indwelling catheter was similar to that before antibiotic administration.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1988). III. Secular changes in susceptibility].

Sensitivities to various antibacterial and antibiotic agents of strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 9 hospitals during June to November 1988 were compared with those in the same period of previous year according to a classification, uncomplicated UTIs, complicated UTIs without indwelling catheter, and complicated UTIs with indwelling catheter. No remarkable changes were found in sensitivities of E. coli, Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp. and S. marcescens. The sensitivity of Klebsiella spp. to cephems decreased in complicated UTI without indwelling catheter and increased in complicated UTI with indwelling catheter. The sensitivity of Enterobacter spp. to third generation cephems decreased in complicated UTI with indwelling catheter. Sensitivities of P. aeruginosa to aspoxicillin and cefsulodin increased. The number of resistant strains to new quinolones increased slightly.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

[Susceptibility of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory tract infections to antibiotics (1987)].

Since 1981, in cooperation with research institutions across the nation, Ikemoto, et al. have been collecting clinical isolates from patients with respiratory tract infections and conducting an annual retrospective survey of patients' background factors and of isolated strains and their sensitivities to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics. In the period from October, 1987 to September, 1988, 17 institutions participated in the survey and a total of 706 strains which were demonstrated to be causative organisms were isolated from 562 patients with respiratory tract infections. Strains were mostly isolated from the sputum. The taxonomic breakdown of these strains was: Staphylococcus aureus (69 strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (120), Haemophilus influenzae (170), Mucoid-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (42), Non-mucoid-producing P. aeruginosa (87), Escherichia coli (11), Klebsiella pneumoniae (35), Brahamella catarrharis (72), etc. Of these strains, 629 were used to determine MICs of various antibacterial agents and antibiotics for susceptibility analyses. Relationships between patient backgrounds and diagnoses and between infections diseases and causative organisms were also investigated. Most of the major causative organisms, such as H. influenzae and P. aeruginosa, showed no substantial changes from previous years, with regard to their sensitivities to antibiotic agent, but S. aureus, particularly methicillin/cephem-resistant strains of S. aureus (MCRSA) showed somewhat lower sensitivity to beta-lactams, and as in recent years, to ofloxacin, a new quinolone drug, as well. Regarding background factors of patients, the age distribution was heavily concentrated in age brackets of 50 years and older, thus patients in these age group accounted for 75.2% of all the patients, which was comparable to 73.5% in 1985 and 77.9% in 1986. Among infections encountered, bacterial pneumonia was most frequent at 28.3%, followed by chronic bronchitis (27.2%) and bronchiectasis (16.0%). Bacterial pneumonia was actually the most frequent, throughout the entire age groups accounting for 34.3% of patients up to 29 years, 26.6% in the group of 30-69 years and 30.7% in patients aged 70 years and older. Chronic bronchitis was next most frequent and accounted for 20.0%, 26.4% and 30.7% among the three age groups, respectively. Breaking down clinical isolates by diagnosis, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were isolated frequently from most of the infectious diseases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1987). I. Susceptibility distribution].

Since 1979, Ikemoto et al. have been retrospectively surveying the sensitivity of major species of bacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infections to various antibacterial agents and antibiotics. Their findings for the past year are reported below. A total of 825 clinical strains of bacteria was investigated. Of this total, Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 28.0% (231 strains) and Gram-negative bacteria for 72.0% (594 strains). Taxonomically, Escherichia coli accounted for 34.7% (286 strains), Enterococcus faecalis for 14.3% (118), Pseudomonas aeruginosa for 11.0% (91), Klebsiella pneumoniae for 7.8% (64), and coagulase-negative staphylococci for 7.3% (60). Sensitivity spectra of these major bacteria to various drugs were as follows. 1. E. faecalis was sensitive to parenteral imipenem (IPM) and ampicillin and oral vancomycin. It was also sensitive to ofloxacin (OFLX) and ciprofloxacin (CPFX), which are new quinolones. Some strains were only slightly sensitive to second and third generation cephems cefmenoxime (CMX) and cefuzonam (CZON) aminoglycosides amikacin (AMK) and arbekacin (HBK), and erythromycin which is a macrolide. 2. Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to dicloxacillin (MDIPC) which is a penicillin drug, cefotiam (CTM) which is a cephem, IPM, minocycline (MINO), and HBK. A fairly large number of strains were only slightly sensitive to cefazolin (CEZ), OFLX and CPFX. 3. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were sensitive to MDIPC which is a penicillin derivative, cephems CTM and CZON, IPM, HBK, clindamycin (CLDM) and MINO. Some strains, however, were only slightly sensitive to a majority of these drugs. 4. E. coli was sensitive to CTM, CMX, latamoxef (LMOX), ceftazidime (CAZ), CZON, and flomoxef (FMOX), all of which are second or third generation cephems. It was also sensitive to IPM, a carbapenem, carumonam (CRMN), a monobactam, and new quinolones, OFLX and CPFX. 5. K. pneumoniae was sensitive to cephems, viz. CTM, CAZ, CZON, FMOX and cefixime, CRMN which is a monobactam, IPM, a carbapenem and new quinolones, OFLX and CPFX. Some strains were only slightly sensitive to CTM, cefmetazole cefoperazone (CPZ), and FMOX. 6. Citrobacter freundii was sensitive to CRMN which is a monobactam, and new quinolones, OFLX and CPFX. Many strains were only slightly sensitive to cephems, viz. CEZ, CTM, CPZ and CAZ. 7. Enterobacter cloacae was sensitive to gentamicin and AMK which are aminoglycosides, but showed a bimodal pattern of sensitivity to CPZ, CAZ and CZON, all of which are cephems, and to quinolones, OFLX and CPFX.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1987). III. Secular changes in susceptibility].

Sensitivity spectra of major species of bacteria (namely Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) which were among the clinical isolates mentioned in the first and second reports to various antibacterial and antibiotic agents and time courses of the spectra are reported below. 1. E. coli was sensitive to cefmenoxime (CMX), latamoxef (LMOX), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefzonam (CZON) and flomoxef (FMOX) which are third generation cephems, carumonam (CRMN) which is a monobactam, imipenem (IPM) which is a carbapenem, ofloxacin (OFLX) and ciprofloxacin (CPFX) which are new quinolones. Compared to the preceding 5-year period, sensitivities to most drugs have increased. 2. Klebsiella spp. were sensitive to CMX, CZON and FMOX which are third generation cephem antibiotics, CRMN which is a monobactam and gentamicin (GM) and arbekacin (HBK) which are aminoglycosides. Compared to the preceding 5-year period, the sensitivity on the whole has increased slightly. 3. Proteus spp. were sensitive to CMX, LMOX, CAZ and CZON which are third generation cephems, CRMN, a monobactam and OFLX and CPFX which are new quinolones. Compared to the preceding 5-year period, increased sensitivities, particularly to parenteral cephems, were found. 4. Citrobacter spp. were sensitive to CPFX which is a new quinolone antibiotic and CRMN, a monobactam. Compared to the preceding 5-year period, the sensitivity as a whole increased but there were still strains against which cefotiam, cefmetazole and, cefoperazone (CPZ) showed high MIC values. 5. Enterobacter spp. were sensitive to OFLX and CPFX, which are new quinolones, IPM, a carbapenem, and GM and HBK which are aminoglycosides. Compared to other bacteria, bacteria of this group were less sensitive to CPZ, CAZ, CZON, and FMOX which are third generation cephems. Compared to the preceding 5-year period, slight increases in sensitivity were found in cases of simple urinary tract infections. 6. S. marcescens as a whole was not very sensitive to antibiotics tested. Compared to the preceding 5-year period, sensitivities to CRMN and minocycline improved slightly. 7. P. aeruginosa was not very sensitive to any drug, as other bacteria were. Compared to the preceding 5-year period, sensitivities to new quinolones OFLX and CPFX and carbapenem IPM decreased slightly.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1987). II. Background of patients].

In the retrospective survey of the sensitivity of clinical isolates reported in this journal, patients' backgrounds were also investigated. Some findings are summarized below. 1. Age distribution by sex: Patients with ages 50 years and older accounted for a majority, irrespective of their sexes amounting 67.6% for both sexes combined. 2. Annual distribution of sexes by age group: Females accounted for a majority in younger age brackets, but the proportion of males increased with age, accounting for a majority in patients 70 years or older. This pattern has been repeated practically every year. 3. Distribution of infection types by sex: Complicated urinary tract infections were predominant in males, while simple urinary tract infections were more frequent in females. 4. Annual distribution of sexes by type of infection: Complicated and simple urinary tract infections combined accounted for approximately 70% in both males and females. This pattern has been repeated practically every year. 5. Distribution of infection types by age: Patients of advanced ages were predominant as a whole but this trend was particularly pronounced in complicated urinary tract infection cases. 6. Annual distribution of infection types by age: The frequency of simple urinary tract infections among patients older than 20 years of age declined with age and this pattern has been repeated practically every year. Among patients older than 20 years of age, annual frequencies of complicated urinary tract infections have been on the decrease. 7. Distribution of isolated bacteria by sex: Escherichia coli was more frequent in females, while Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were more frequent in males. Compared with the previous year, the frequencies of coagulase-negative staphylococci, Enterococcus spp., and E. coli increased, while that of P. aeruginosa decreased. 8. Distribution of isolated bacteria by age: E. coli was most frequent on the whole, followed by E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., and coagulase-negative staphylococci, in that order. By age group, E. coli was frequent in younger patients and the frequencies of E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa increased with age. 9. Annual distribution of isolated bacteria by infection type: Coagulase-negative staphylococci increased as a whole and P. aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens decreased compared to 1986, but E. coli continued to be the most frequent. E. coli was isolated from a majority of simple urinary tract infection cases. The frequencies of E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa were high in cases of complicated urinary tract infections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

[Susceptibilities of clinical isolates to antibacterial agents. A study mainly focused on ofloxacin (the second report). Reported by the Research Group for Testing ofloxacin Susceptibility on Clinical Isolates].

Susceptibilities of various clinical isolates to ofloxacin (OFLX) and other antibacterial drugs were examined at 128 hospital laboratories in 36 prefectures throughout Japan between April, 1986 and March, 1987. The results were totalized with an emphasis mainly on OFLX and were compared with data obtained in the previous year. In this study, identification and susceptibility tests of the isolates were carried out at each hospital laboratory and the tests were performed according to the 1-dilution or 3-dilution disc method in which susceptibilities are classified into 4 grades: , ++, +, and -. Similarly to the study performed in the previous year, species showing susceptibilities to OFLX included Staphylococcus aureus (4,205 strains), Staphylococcus epidermidis (2,009 strains), Entercoccus faecalis (1,697 strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae (702 strains), Escherichia coli (4,097 strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1,375 strains), Enterobacter cloacae (762 strains), Enterobacter aerogenes (296 strains), Citrobacter freundii (406 strains), Proteus mirabilis (613 strains), Morganella morganii (320 strains), Serratia marcescens (869 strains), Haemophilus influenzae (1,282 strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4,206 strains), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (351 strains), Acinetobacter sp. (415 strains), and Campylobacter jejuni (151 strains). Neisseria gonorrhoeae (26 strains) were exceptional due to their smaller number this time than that of the previous year and only the susceptibility to OFLX was investigated with this species. As results, OFLX showed strong antibacterial activities (similar to the previous year) against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, N. gonorrhoeae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, E. aerogenes, C. freundii, P. mirabilis, M. morganii, H. influenzae, A. calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter sp., and C. jejuni. However, when these susceptibilities shown in the present study were compared to those obtained in the previous year, many species showed decreases in the occurrence of or increases in -, though they were rather small changes. The following species were not totalized in the previous year due to their low numbers but were summarized in combination with those examined in this study: Streptococcus pyogenes (944 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (815 strains), Enterococcus faecium (146 strains), Branhamella catarrhalis (135 strains), Citrobacter diversus (128 strains), Klebsiella oxytoca (873 strains), Proteus vulgaris (438 strains), Serratia liquefaciens (266 strains), Pseudomonas cepacia (433 strains), Pseudomonas putida (154 strains), Xanthomonas maltophilia (272 strains), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (120 strains), Bacteroides fragilis (98 strains),

Bacteria↗
PubMed1989

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1986). I. Susceptibility distribution].

Susceptibilities to various antibacterial and antibiotic agents of bacterial strains isolated from urinary tract infections at 8 hospitals in Japan from July to October in 1986 are summarized as follows. 1. Enterococcus faecalis was susceptible to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (ST) and imipenem (IPM) with MIC90s of 0.78 and 1.56 microgram/ml. Minocycline had the strongest activity against Staphylococcus aureus; the MICs for all strains tested were lower than 0.39 microgram/ml. The MIC80s of dicloxacillin, and arbekacin (HBK) were 0.20 and 0.78 microgram/ml, respectively. Among the cephems, the MIC80 of flomoxef was 25 micrograms/ml, whereas those of cefmenoxime (CMX) and cefotiam (CTM) were 50 micrograms/ml. 2. Escherichia coli was most susceptible to ofloxacin (OFLX) among the oral antibacterial and antibiotic agents tested. OFLX showed the minimum inhibitory concentration against 90% (MIC90) of the 274 strains of E. coli tested to be lower than 0.10 microgram/ml. The antibacterial activities of the third generation cephems such as CMX and latamoxef (LMOX) were the strongest among the injectable antibiotics tested. The MIC90s of CMX and LMOX were lower than 0.10 and 0.20 microgram/ml, respectively. CTM and cefmetazole, the second generation cephems, were also highly active against E. coli with MIC90s of 0.39 and 1.56 micrograms/ml, respectively. 3. Among the oral antibacterial and antibiotic agents tested, OFLX was the most active against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Its MIC90 was 0.78 microgram/ml. Among the injectable antibiotics tested, CMX was the strongest with an MIC90 of 0.20 microgram/ml; MIC90 of CTM and LMOX were 0.39 microgram/ml. 4. The tested antibacterial and antibiotic agents were generally less active against Citrobacter freundii than against other bacteria. The MIC80 of OFLX was 0.39 microgram/ml. Gentamicin (GM) and ST were slightly active against C. freundii. Among the cephems, CMX had the MIC80 of 25 micrograms/ml. 5. Enterobacter cloacae was less susceptible to the cephems tested. OFLX, GM, and mecillinam were active against this bacteria with MIC80s of 0.78, 0.78 and 1.56 micrograms/ml, respectively. 6. Among the oral antibacterial and antibiotic agents and penicillins examined, piperacillin (PIPC) was the most active against Proteus mirabilis. Its MIC90 was 0.39 microgram/ml. Those of sulbenicillin, cefaclor, ampicillin, OFLX, and ST were 0.78, 0.78, 1.56, 3.13 and 3.13 micrograms/ml, respectively. CMX was highly active against P. mirabilis with an MIC90 of less than or equal to 0.10 microgram/ml; LMOX followed with an MIC90 of 0.20 microgram/ml among the injectable antibiotics tested. CTM was also active against this bacterium; the MIC90 was 0.39 microgram/ml. 7. The antibacterial and antibiotic agents were generally only slightly active against Proteus vulgaris.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1986). II. Background of patients].

From July to October in 1986, hospital data on 717 isolates of causative microorganism from patients with urinary tract infections and background information on 562 patients were collected. The urinary tract infections were divided into 3 groups; simple infections and complicated infections with or without the use of indwelling catheter. We investigated such factors as the patients' sex, age, and drug treatments, and the isolates obtained from the infections. From 1981 to 1986, about 25% of the patients with simple infections were males and about 60 to 70% among those with complicated infections were males each year. During these 6 years, no noticeable changes occurred in sex and age distributions of patients with any type of the infections, but the species of isolates changed remarkably. In 1982 and 1983, the isolation rates of Enterococcus faecalis (Streptococcus spp. or Streptococcus faecalis) obtained from the patients were about 8% in both of male and female patients. In 1984, the rate in females increased to 17.9%. In 1985, the rates in males and females were 14.9% and 7.6%, respectively. Similar rates were also observed in 1986: 16.1 and 7.4%. The isolation rate of Staphylococcus aureus in 1982 was 0.7%, as was in 1983. In however, increased to 1.7% in 1984 and to 3.2% in 1985. It was 2.5% in 1986. The isolation rate of Gram-positive bacteria was 11.1% in 1982; it increased to 18.9% in 1983 and to over 20% between 1984 to 1986. Among Gram-negative bacteria, the isolation rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa form patients with complicated urinary tract infections with a catheter was high and over 20% in both 1985 and 1986. When antibacterial agents were administrated for 3 days, changes in number of species of isolates tended to be more pronounced in complicated infections with or without the use of catheter than in simple infections. According to date obtained in 1986, when antibiotic agents were administered for 8 or more days, the changes were definitely more drastic in complicated infections than in simple ones. An upmost care in the selection of antibiotic drugs according to their antibacterial spectra and activities, therefore, appears necessary, and an attention should be paid on future changes in species of bacteria isolated from infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Susceptibility of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory tract infections to antibiotics (1986)].

Enlisting the help of various research institutions across the nation, Ikemoto et al. have been pooling cultures of clinical isolates of respiratory tract infections and mapping out the correlations between patient backgrounds and the causative bacteria and the changes in the sensitivity spectra of the bacteria to various antibacterial and antibiotic agents annually since 1981. The following is a report of the 1986 findings. During the period from September, 1986 to March, 1987, 558 cases of respiratory infections were reported at 17 institutions across the nation and a total of 657 apparent causative strains were isolated from sputum samples. Of these strains, 75 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 108 of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 150 of Haemophilus influenzae, 107 of Pseudomonas aeruiginosa (non-mucoid production type), 21 of P. aeruginosa (mucoid production type), 32 of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 8 of Escherichia coli, and 55 of Branhamella catarrhalis were subjected to MIC determination of various antibacterial and antibiotic agents to map drug sensitivities. In addition, diagnoses, age distributions by diagnoses, frequencies of infectious diseases, types of isolated bacteria, and usage statuses of the antibacterial and antibiotic agents the times of at isolation were also investigated. MIC determinations were carried out to investigate susceptibilities of causative organisms of respiratory tract infections to various antibacterial and antibiotic agents. From the 558 cases of respiratory tract infections, 657 strains were detected at concentrations not less than 10(4-6)/ml and identified to be the causative organisms. Of these strains, 603 could be used for MIC determination. An overwhelming majority of major causative bacteria, inclusive of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, showed sensitivity patterns similar to the sensitivity patterns found a year earlier, P. aeruginosa alone, however, showed some increase in its susceptibility to penicillin and cephem antibiotics. Regarding patient backgrounds, the age distribution was heavily biased towards the higher end of the scale, which patients with ages of 50 or higher accounting for 77.9%, compared to 73.5% in 1985. When the patients were classified by diagnoses, chronic bronchitis, bacterial pneumonia and bronchiectasis accounted for the majority of the infections: 28.7%, 23.3%, and 19.0%, respectively. The percentages of chronic bronchitis and bacterial pneumonia 28.7% and 23.3%, respectively, were somewhat higher in 1986 than in 1985. The disease which was comparatively frequent in all age groups was bronchiectasis, which accounted for 44.0% in patients with ages 29 years or lower, 18.4% in patients between 30 years and 69 years, and 16.7% in patients with ages 70 years or higher. The next most frequent infection was bacterial pneumonia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1988

[Susceptibilities of clinical isolates to antibacterial agents. Focusing mainly on ofloxacin (first report). Reported by the Research Group for Testing Ofloxacin Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates].

Susceptibility tests were carried out on a variety of clinically isolated pathogens using the susceptibility disc method at 197 hospitals in Japan between May, 1985 through March, 1986. These tests were organized by the Research Group for Testing Ofloxacin Susceptibility on Clinical Isolates, and the results were statistically analyzed. This paper describes a comparison of susceptibilities of clinical isolates including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii, Serratia marcescens, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter sp. and Campylobacter jejuni to ofloxacin (OFLX) and conventional antibacterial drugs. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. OFLX showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, N. gonorrhoeae, E. coli, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, C. freundii, K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, M. morganii, H. influenzae, A. calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter sp. and C. jejuni and only a few strains were resistant to OFLX. Moreover, OFLX has superior antibacterial activity against many species compared not only to norfloxacin but also to most of the conventional antibacterial drugs. 2. When studied by sampled materials such as sputum, urine, abscesses and otorrhea, OFLX occasionally showed different actions against the same species from different sources. Almost species from the urinary isolates were less sensitive than those from the sputum.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1988

[A nationwide study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Japan].

We described antimicrobial susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in 1985 and also a 6-year survey of changing patterns of their susceptibilities to ampicillin (ABPC), cefazolin (CEZ), cefmetazole (CMZ) and gentamicin (GM) from 1980 to 1985 in 103 hospitals. The MICs were determined by the standard method of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. Among 2,891 isolates in 1985, ratios of resistant strains to ABPC and GM were 24% and 29%, respectively, and those to CEZ and CMZ were 8% and 3%, respectively. Gradual increases in numbers of resistant strains to ABPC, CEZ and CMZ were observed until 1984 but a trend for decreases in numbers of resistant strains to the above 3 antibiotics was observed in 1985. A continuous rise in numbers of resistant strains to GM until 1985 was noted. Isolates from clinical materials such as pus, bile, and urine showed higher incidences of resistance to ABPC and GM than those from sputum, secreta and throat swab. Rates of resistant strains to CEZ were the highest in isolates from bile, pus, sputum and urine. Rates of resistant strains to CMZ were the highest in isolates from bile, and decreased in isolates from sputum, urine and pus in this order. Rates of resistant isolates from inpatients to the 4 antibiotics tested were greater than those from outpatients.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1988

[Susceptibility of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory tract infections to antibiotics (1985)].

Collaborated studies on species of respiratory tract infection (RTI)-related organisms for their identification and drug susceptibilities have been carried out since 1981 at about 20 centers in Japan. On this occasion, the data obtained between 1982 and 1985 were reanalyzed to determine whether or not drug susceptibilities differed depending upon diseases, from which the organisms were isolated. The results summarized below were obtained in this study. 1. Among Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa examined, differences in drug susceptibilities according to different diseases were found among S. aureus and also mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa. 2. Susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics was definitely lower in S. aureus strains isolated from pneumonia than in those isolated from chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasia. 3. The isolation frequency of methicillin-and cefazolin-resistant strains of S. aureus was 30.3% and 25.9%, respectively, and was especially high among strains isolated from pneumonia. The antibiotic potency of minocycline against S. aureus, including methicillin resistant S. aureus, was the strongest among 9 drugs examined; S. aureus maintained relatively sufficient sensitivity to dicloxacillin among beta-lactam antibiotics. 4. Mucoid producing strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from chronic bronchitis had slightly lower drug susceptibility than those isolated from bronchiectasia. 5. When drug susceptibilities of H. influenzae were compared among groups separated according to diseases using MIC50, MIC80 and MIC90 as indicators, there were no clear differences. The isolation frequency of ampicillin (ABPC)-resistant strains, however, was clearly different among diseases; namely, resistant strains were the most and the least frequently isolated from chronic bronchitis and from pneumonia, respectively. In addition, the drug susceptibility of H. influenzae isolated in 1985 was analyzed in relation to the production of beta-lactamase. As a result, it was suspected that some factors, other than beta-lactamase, participated in the mechanism of ABPC-resistance. 6. These results suggest that drugs to be used for the chemotherapy of RTI should be selected considering the fact that drug susceptibilities of the pathogens differ, even among the same species, according to diseases.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1987

[Susceptibility of bacteria isolated from the patients with lower respiratory tract infections to antibiotics (1985)].

It has been more than 4 years since third-generation cephems were introduced into clinical practice. The range of our drug selection definitely tends to increase, because we today have more antibiotics with wider spectrum, antibiotics with strong activities only against Gram-negative strains, such as monobactams, and those with tremendously high activities such as quinolone carboxylic acid derivatives, in comparison to those we had in the past. Among isolates obtained mainly from sputa of 567 patients with lower respiratory tract infections at 16 institutions throughout Japan between September of 1985 and March of 1986, 741 strains were determined to be causative organisms. MIC's of various antimicrobial agents were determined against 67 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 100 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 199 strains of Haemophilus influenzae, 92 strains of non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 40 strains of mucoid P. aeruginosa, 29 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 10 strains of Escherichia coli and for 42 strains of Branhamella catarrhalis out of the above 741 strains to determine their drug sensitivities. As for types of lower respiratory tract infections found in 1981--1983, 57.9--64.5% of the infections were chronic respiratory infections; i.e., chronic bronchitis, chronic bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis. These chronic infections, including diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB), were found in 63.1% of lower respiratory tract infections in 1984. Their incidence dropped to 54.0% in 1985, even though DPB was included; i.e., the incidence of chronic bronchiolitis was 5.5%, that of DPB was 7.1%, and that of bronchial asthma associated with lower respiratory tract infections in 1985 was 8.8% which was twice as much as that found in 1981--1984. Although bacterial pneumonia was found in 24.8% of all the cases in 1981, its incidence was reduced to 11.0% in 1983, 15.1% in 1984, and 17.6% in 1985. This reduction seemed to have resulted from gradual decreases in the occurrence of bacterial pneumonia among the young population. As with usual years, a high incidence rate in a total lower respiratory tract infections in 1985 was found among older patients; namely, 73.5% was at the age of 50 or over (417/567). Next, we determined relationships between clinical isolates and isolates from respiratory infections, including chronic bronchitis, chronic bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis and DPB. H. influenzae was isolated from 50.5% of patients with these infections in 1981; however, the detection rate decreased by about 20% to 29.7% in 1985. P. aeruginosa was consistently isolated, between 24.1% and 30.4% every year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1985). II. Background of patients].

We have investigated relationships between patients' backgrounds and isolates from urinary tract infections in reference to various conditions, such as sexes, age distribution by sex, species of causative organisms by sex, age distribution according to species and types of infections, species and infections before and after treatment with antibacterial agents, and species and detected places. As for the relationship between sexes and types of infections, although simple urinary tract infections were consistently found at about 20% in men and at about 80% in women between 1981 and 1983, these infections were seen at 24.4% in men and at 75.6% in women in 1984, and at 26.6% and at 73.4% in 1985, indicating slight decreases in the ratio of women. By contrast, complex urinary tract infections were found in men at about 60-70% from 1981 up to 1985, regardless of the presence or absence of indwelling catheter. There were no noticeable changes according to age during this 5-year period in incidences of infections including simple urinary tract infection and complex urinary tract infection with or without indwelling catheter. Thus, backgrounds of patients with urinary tract infections, including sex, age and simple or complex infections, were fairly consistent throughout this period, while there were relatively large changes in species of isolates. Enterococcus faecalis was isolated at about 8% of both men and women in 1982 and 1983, but its isolation rates were increased to 22.5% of men and 17.9% of women in 1984. In 1985 this species was isolated in 14.9% of men and 7.6% of women, and in 11.2% of all patients. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. were detected at rates of 3.2%, 8.1%, 0.7% and 1.0%, respectively, and 24.2% of isolated strains were Gram-positive organisms. When species of isolates before treatment with antibacterial agents and their isolation rates were analyzed, it was found that the isolation rate of E. faecalis increased dramatically in 1983, and that this tendency was still seen in 1984. The isolation rate of Gram-positive organisms was 25% in 1984 and 24.3% in 1985. Escherichia coli was consistently isolated at about 40%, but, as far as simple urinary tract infections are concerned, its isolation rate decreased by about 10% in 1985, compared to 1982 and 1983. These results suggested that causative organisms for simple urinary tract infections became similar to those for complex urinary tract infections. In other words, isolates obtained from complex urinary tract infections before treatment were similar to those of simple infections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1985). I. Susceptibility distribution].

The results of determinations of sensitivities of bacterial strains to various antibiotics are summarized as follows: 1. Against Escherichia coli, ofloxacin (OFLX) showed the strongest activity among oral antibacterial and antibiotic agents. Its MIC90 was below 0.10 micrograms/ml. The next strongest activity was found in mecillinam (MPC), cefaclor (CCL) and pipemidic acid (PPA); MIC90's of these agents 3.13 micrograms/ml. Cefotiam (CTM), cefotaxime (CTX), ceftizoxime (CZX), cefmenoxime (CMX) and latamoxef (LMOX) had MIC90 below 0.39 micrograms/ml. MIC90's of cefmetazole (CMZ) and cefoperazone (CPZ) were 1.56 micrograms/ml. Aztreonam (AZT) and carumonam (CRMN) in the monobactam group showed strong activities with MIC90's at 0.20 micrograms/ml. 2. Although Klebsiella pneumoniae had a strong resistance to ampicillin (ABPC) and showed relatively low sensitivities to other oral antibacterial and antibiotic agents, OFLX maintained high activity against this species and showed MIC90 of 0.39 micrograms/ml. Among injectable antibiotics, third generation cephems showed the strongest activity to this species with MIC90 of CZX below 0.10 micrograms/ml, of CTX and CMX 0.20 micrograms/ml, and of LMOX 0.78 micrograms/ml. MIC90 of CPZ was 6.25 micrograms/ml, which was the same as those of cefazolin (CEZ) and cefoxitin (CFX). CTM had similar MIC90 to LMOX, namely, 1.56 micrograms/ml. MIC90 of CMZ was 3.13 micrograms/ml. Monobactams AZT and CRMN showed strong activities to this species; their MIC90's were below 0.10 micrograms/ml and 0.20 micrograms/ml. 3. Although Citrobacter freundii generally exhibited low sensitivities to antibacterial and antibiotic agents examined, it showed high sensitivity to OFLX, at MIC80 of 0.78 micrograms/ml. This species showed low sensitivities to MPC, nalidixic acid (NA), PPA, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (ST). Among injectable antibiotics, LMOX and CMX had activities against this species; namely, MIC80's were 6.25 and 3.13 micrograms/ml, respectively. Among monobactams, AZT showed MIC80 of 12.5 micrograms/ml, and CRMN had that of 6.25 micrograms/ml. 4. Against Enterobacter cloacae, the strongest antibacterial activity was found with OFLX which had MIC90 of 0.39 micrograms/ml. A relatively strong activity was seen with MPC. MIC80 of MPC was 1.56 micrograms/ml. Except to CTM, this species had poor sensitivities to injectable first and second generation cephems, and their MIC80's were over 200 micrograms/ml. MIC80 of CTM was 25 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

[Comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1985). III. Secular changes in susceptibility].

Sensitivities to antimicrobial agents of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens isolated from infected patients were evaluated and compared according to the types of their infections, i.e., simple and complicated urinary tract infections with or without indwelling catheter. There were no apparent decreases in the sensitivity of E. coli isolated from patients with simple urinary tract infections. When data obtained in 1982-1985 were summarized, it was found that a new quinoline derivative, ofloxacin (OFLX), showed the strongest activity among oral antimicrobial and antibiotic agents. This agent inhibited 100% of bacterial growth at MIC of 1.56 micrograms/ml. The next strongest activity was found with mecillinam (MPC) which showed 89.3% growth inhibition at the same concentration. Cefaclor (CCL) also showed 84.9% growth inhibition at the same concentration. When sensitivities of E. coli isolated from patients with complicated urinary tract infections with or without indwelling catheter to first and second generation cephems were determined, cefotiam (CTM), which inhibited 88.9%: 91.4% bacterial growth at MIC of 0.39 micrograms/ml, had the strongest activity among CTM, cefazolin (CEZ), cefoxitin (CFX) and cefmetazole (CMZ). Among third generation cephems, including cefmenoxime (CMX), latamoxef (LMOX), ceftizoxime (CZX), cefotaxime (CTX) and cefoperazone (CPZ), the strongest activity was observed with CZX, and the agent having the next strongest activity was CMX. LMOX and CPZ showed relatively low activities. Carumonam (CRMN) and aztreonam (AZT), monobactams, showed strong activities against E. coli. As for Klebsiella spp., activities of pencillins against these strains were low. When activities of oral cephems (cephalexin (CEX) and CCL) and of a quinoline derivative OFLX against these strains were determined, OFLX showed strong activity; i.e., the growth of Klebsiella spp. isolated from complicated urinary tract infections was inhibited at 87.2%: 82.1% at MIC of 0.20 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗