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Biomedical subjects

N K Brown

Publications and source records attributed to N K Brown.

34 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Nontreatment of fever in extended-care facilities.

In a study of decisions not to treat febrile patients, we reviewed the medical records of 1256 people admitted to nine extended-care facilities in Seattle during 1973. Fever, defined as two temperatures of 38.33 degrees C to 38.83 degrees C (101 to 101.9 degrees F), within 24 hours or one temperature greater than or equal to 38.88 degrees C (102 degrees F), developed in 190 patients before two years of stay. Active treatment, defined as antibiotics or hospitalization (or both), was ordered for fever in 109 patients, of whom 10 (9 per cent) died. Active treatment was not ordered for 81 patients, of whom 48 (59 per cent) died. The pre-decision factors that showed a significant relation (P less than 0.05) to such nontreatment were: diagnosis, mental status, mobility, pain, narcotics prescribed, size of the facility, relation of the physician to the patient and medical-record statements documenting the patient's deterioration or plans for nontreatment in general. This pattern of nontreatment suggests that physicians and nurses did not intend to treat these patients actively and that high mortality was expected.

Aged↗
PubMed1971

Views on euthanasia.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Metabolism of n-hexyl-homologues of delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the mouse.

n-Hexyl-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (n-hexyl-delta-8-THC) and n-hexyl-delta-9-THC were synthesized by condensation of (1S)-cis-verbenol with 5-n-hexyl-1,3-dihydroxybenzene and administered intraperitoneally to male Charles-River CD-1 mice. Hepatic metabolites were isolated by solvent extraction and chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and identified by GC/MS. Eleven metabolites were identified from n-hexyl-delta-8-THC and sixteen from n-hexyl-delta-9-THC. The pattern of metabolites was intermediate between that previously observed from the pentyl homologues and that from n-heptyl-delta-9-THC with the major biotransformation pathway being hydroxylation and oxidation at C-11. Other metabolites were mainly hydroxylated derivatives of these compounds. Metabolites containing two hydroxy groups in the side-chain were present in low concentration. These have not been observed from lower homologues but are major metabolites of n-heptyl-delta-9-THC. Compared with the metabolism of the n-pentyl homologue, there was a trend towards the production of more hydroxy metabolites at the expense of carboxylic acids, in keeping with the general reduction of oxidation observed with other homologous cannabinoids as the chain length increases.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro metabolism of cannabinol in rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil and cat.

Metabolism of cannabinol (CBN) was studied in hepatic microsomal incubates from mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, cat, hamster and gerbil. Metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate, concentrated by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and identified by GC/MS as TMS derivatives. Six monohydroxy metabolites were identified. These had hydroxy groups at C-11 and at all positions of the pentyl side-chain. Metabolism varied considerably between the species. 11-Hydroxylation was the most prominent route in the majority of species, but in the hamster and cat the major metabolic pathway was 4'-hydroxylation. Metabolites hydroxylated in the pentyl chain were generally more abundant in guinea pig, hamster and cat.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mutagenic decomposition products of nitrosated 4-chloroindoles.

4-Chloro-6-methoxyindole, a constituent of fava beans, forms a potent direct-acting mutagen, 4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-hydroxy-1-nitrosoindolin-3-one oxime, when nitrosated. In order to better understand the properties of this mutagen, we have studied a readily-available analog, 4-chloro-2-hydroxy-1-nitrosoindolin-3-one oxime, prepared by nitrosation of 4-chloroindole. This analog is also mutagenic, and both mutagens decompose rapidly at neutral or higher pH to yield in each case a new, less potent mutagen which then reacts further to form a nonmutagenic final product. The two products arising from 4-chloro-2-hydroxy-1-nitrosoindolin-3-one oxime, on the basis of comparison of spectroscopic and chromatographic evidence with that from authentic standards, are 4-chloro-N-nitrosodioxindole and 4-chloroisatin; those arising from 4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-hydroxy-1-nitrosoindolin-3-one oxime appear to be the corresponding 6-methoxy analogs. The interplay of these pathways with respect to net biological activity, especially under gastric conditions, remains to be described.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical judgments of high-risk behavior during recovery.

This study utilized focus group research to explore high-risk behavior during recovery from drugs and alcohol. Participants in the focus group were professional substance abuse counselors. The findings identified specific high-risk behaviors and began an exploration of the processes that support them. Specific information is included on such issues as causes, time frames, developmental issues, and other factors associated with high-risk behavior. Attention was paid to existential issues in recovery, as well as childhood factors such as sexual abuse. High-risk behavior was seen as a means to avoid the existential dilemma of continuing in recovery or returning to drug use and as a possible means to leave this crisis unresolved without actual relapse to drug use, or dealing with the issues of advancing in recovery.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro metabolism of cannabichromene in seven common laboratory animals.

Metabolism of cannabichromene (CBC) was studied in hepatic microsomal incubates from mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, cat, hamster, and gerbil. Metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate, concentrated by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20, and identified by GC/MS as trimethylsilyl derivatives of both the metabolites themselves and their hydrogenated analogues. Thirteen metabolites were identified. The major metabolites were monohydroxy compounds with hydroxylation at all positions of the pentyl and methylpentenyl chains. An epoxide and its derived dihydrodiol were formed from the double bond in the methylpentenyl chains. Several unidentified decomposition products were found in the extracts from mouse, gerbil, and cat; these appeared to have been produced by the opening of the dihydropyran ring. Metabolism varied considerably between the species, although the trans-hydroxy metabolite 5'-hydroxy-CBC was the major metabolite in most cases. Metabolites hydroxylated in the pentyl chain were more abundant in mouse, rabbit, and cat; the hamster, gerbil, and cat produced the most epoxide-derived material.

Animals↗