Dietary patterns in the Belfast MONICA Project.
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Blood Pressure↗
Biomedical subjects
N Jackson
Publications and source records attributed to N Jackson.
How does posture influence the haemodynamic assessment of a cardiovascular drug? Experience with nicardipine.
The extent to which posture altered the haemodynamic response to slow calcium channel blocker nicardipine was evaluated in 22 male patients with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease. Patients were randomly allocated to supine or upright posture and an otherwise identical protocol performed in each group. At rest, following a control saline period, four doses of the drug (log cumulative dosage: 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg) were administered by i.v. infusion over a total period of 40 min; haemodynamic indices were recorded during the 3-5 min following each 5 min infusion. The exercise effects of the drug, in each posture, were determined by comparison of a control predrug exercise with observations at the same workload following the maximal cumulative dose. Nicardipine reduced resting mean blood pressure (MBP) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) in both postures, the decrease being more pronounced when upright (MBP, -12%, -18%; p less than 0.01: SVRI, -30%, -46%; p less than 0.01). The increases in cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume index (SVI) were higher when upright (29 and 54% vs. 10 and 27%; p less than 0.01). Pulmonary artery occluded pressure (PAOP) increased by 29% when upright, without change when supine. On exercise, the effects for HR, MBP, CI, SI, and SVRI responses were independent of posture; however, a qualitative difference was apparent for PAOP (-17% vs. +14%; p less than 0.05). Thus, although the actions of nicardipine were qualitatively similar, quantitative differences related to posture were confirmed. These differences appeared to relate to posture-related baseline haemodynamic differences between the groups but with similar postnicardipine absolute values.
Adult↗
Comparison of diet history interview and self completed questionnaire in assessment of diet in an elderly population.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the reliability of a diet history interview with a short self completed questionnaire of a basic design used in other studies in the United Kingdom. DESIGN: The study used a cohort of elderly people randomly divided into two groups after stratification for sex. Members of one group completed the questionnaire first and were interviewed later; the procedure was reversed for the other group. SETTING: Participants were drawn from registers of two general practitioners at a Nottingham health centre. PARTICIPANTS: All non-Asian men aged 65-74 years and women aged 59-65 years registered with the practices were identified (n = 152); 20 could not be traced and two were too ill, leaving 130 possible participants. Of these, 80 took part in the study. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Ranking of subjects in terms of estimated fat, fibre, and calcium intakes was compared in the history interview and in the self completed questionnaire. Agreement in tertile ranking was 58% for fibre, 53% for fat, and 49% for calcium. Corresponding correlation coefficients for estimated nutrient intakes were 0.49, 0.45, and 0.41 respectively. The differences in nutrient intakes estimated by the two methods were not affected by age, sex, marital status, or smoking patterns. Subjects in the group asked to complete the questionnaire before being interviewed showed greater percentage concordance for tertile ranking, but this reached significance only for fat intake. CONCLUSIONS: The two methods provide estimates of intakes similar to those found in other studies in the United Kingdom, and the agreement between them in terms of tertile ranking is also similar to previous studies. The incidence of gross misclassification was low.
Aged↗
A hemodynamic comparison of verapamil, diltiazem, and amlodipine in coronary artery disease.
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Amlodipine↗
A four-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel dose-response study of amlodipine in patients with stable exertional angina pectoris.
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Adult↗
Evidence of a unique developmental mechanism specifying both wool follicle density and fibre size in sheep selected for single skin and fleece characters.
Skin and fleece traits have been characterized in four lines of Merino sheep selected for high- and low-fibre diameter (D +/-) and staple length (L +/-) from a medium-woolled flock. Over a period of 20 years, each line responded in the desired direction, producing fleeces composed of thick or thin fibres and long or short wool staples. However, variations in the amounts of wool grown that might be expected from these procedures were compensated by changes in unselected characters. Thus a predicted difference in fleece weights between high and low staple length lines was reduced by an increase in fibre crimp frequency in L- sheep. Similarly, changes induced in fibre diameter in the D lines resulted in small effects on fleece weight in comparison to the large (and inverse) effects on follicle numbers. Towards the end of the selection regime, mean follicle density in D- sheep was twice that of D+ sheep. This intriguing response within the follicle population was examined further: an analysis of the relationship between follicle density and fibre diameter amongst the four lines revealed a highly significant, negative linear correlation. The implication of this statistical association is that the numbers of follicles initiated in skin during foetal life had a direct bearing on the sizes of wool fibres eventually produced. It was concluded that both features must be under the control of a single developmental mechanism. Since the expression of each of the characters is separated in time, the mechanism must be activated during the earlier event, i.e. at or before the phase of follicle initiation.
Animals↗
Gentamicin and low dose piperacillin in febrile neutropenic patients.
One hundred and twenty-seven febrile neutropenic patients were randomized to receive empirical antibiotic therapy with intravenous gentamicin and 12 g/day or 8 g/day piperacillin. Despite a high incidence of Hickman catheter infections by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, there was an overall response in 56% of patients and no difference in the numbers responding to each antibiotic regimen. In addition, the duration of fever was not significantly different in the two groups of patients. The majority of the unresponsive patients responded to the addition of further antibiotics and there were only two infection related deaths. The results suggest that high dose antibiotics are not essential for the initial empirical therapy in febrile neutropenic patients.
Adult↗
Two new IgA1-kappa plasma cell leukaemia cell lines (JJN-1 & JJN-2) which proliferate in response to B cell stimulatory factor 2.
Two new cell lines with the phenotype of terminally differentiated B cells have been derived from the presentation bone marrow of a patient with plasma cell leukaemia. They express the same immunoglobulin (A1-kappa) as the original bone marrow cells. JJN-1 is an hypodiploid, slow-growing line with a plasmacytic morphology, which grows in medium with 15-20% fetal calf serum. When JJN-1 was stimulated with a supernatant ('ESG') containing B cell stimulatory factor 2 (BSF-2/IL-6), a hypotetraploid sub-line, JJN-2, was selectively stimulated. JJN-2 is dependent on ESG for survival. The stimulatory effect of ESG can be completely abrogated by an anti-BSF-2 monoclonal antibody. However, purified BSF-2 alone only produces sub-maximal stimulation of the lines. Both lines show complex karyotypic abnormalities, including 14q- and del(6q). JJN-1 and JJN-2 may be useful for the study of late B cell differentiation and for use as immunogens for the generation of anti-plasma cell monoclonal antibodies.
Antigens, Surface↗
An analysis of myeloma plasma cell phenotype using antibodies defined at the IIIrd International Workshop on Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens.
Fresh bone marrow from 43 cases of myeloma and three cases of plasma cell leukaemia has been phenotyped both by indirect immune-rosetting and, on fixed cytospin preparations, by indirect immunofluorescence. Both clustered and unclustered B cell associated antibodies from the IIIrd International Workshop on Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens were used. The results confirm the lack of many pan-B antigens on the surface of myeloma plasma cells, i.e. CD19-23, 37, 39, w40. Strong surface reactivity is seen with CD38 antibodies and with one CD24 antibody (HB8). Weak reactions are sometimes obtained with CD9, 10 and 45R. On cytospin preparations CD37, 39 and w40 are sometimes weakly positive, and anti-rough endoplasmic reticulum antibodies are always strongly positive. Specific and surface-reacting antiplasma cell antibodies are still lacking.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Comparative hemodynamic dose-response effects of five slow calcium channel-blocking agents in coronary artery disease.
A prospective, randomized study compared the hemodynamic effects of equivalent doses of five slow calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem, nicardipine, nisoldipine, and amlodipine) in 50 patients with ischemia. After a stable control period, dose-response curves were constructed for each drug with hemodynamics measured 10 minutes after intravenous boluses. Each drug reduced mean systemic arterial pressure (P less than 0.01) and systemic vascular resistance index (P less than 0.01). The heart rate increased after nicardipine, nisoldipine, and amlodipine (P less than 0.01) but was unchanged after verapamil and reduced after diltiazem (P less than 0.01). The left ventricular filling pressure increased after amlodipine (P less than 0.05) and verapamil (P less than 0.01) but was unchanged with the other compounds. Cardiac index increased substantially after the dihydropyridines (P less than 0.01), with little change after verapamil or diltiazem. Cardiac double product fell only after verapamil and diltiazem. These studies provide quantitation of the comparative actions of acute intravenous calcium channel blockade in coronary disease.
Amlodipine↗
Withdrawal of zinc oxide-containing diets from mature, female domestic fowl: effects on laying performance and the weights of selected tissues.
1. Two hundred and sixteen laying hens of two strains were given diets containing ZnO to provide 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 2.00, 3.00 or 4.00 g added Zn/kg. These diets were given ad libitum for 5 consecutive 28-d periods. All hens subsequently received the control diet with no added ZnO for 5 weeks. 2. Four hens from each treatment were killed 0, 1 and 5 weeks after substitution of the ZnO-supplemented diets by the control diet. 3. The adverse effects of the ZnO-containing diets on body weight, food intake, egg production, pancreas, gizzard, oviduct and ovary weights/kg body weight were reversed by removal of the ZnO from the diets. 4. Five weeks after withdrawal egg production of the group which had received the diet with the highest concentration of added ZnO was only 50% of that of the control birds. 5. The beneficial effect of the added ZnO on internal egg quality was not maintained after withdrawal of the ZnO-containing diets.
Animals↗
Withdrawal of zinc oxide-containing diets from mature, female domestic fowl: effects on selected tissue mineral contents.
1. Two hundred and sixteen laying hens of two strains were given diets containing ZnO to provide 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 2.00, 3.00 or 4.00 g added Zn/kg. These diets were offered ad libitum for 5 consecutive 28-d periods. All hens were subsequently offered the control diet with no added ZnO for 5 weeks. 2. Four hens from each treatment were killed 0, 1 and 5 weeks after substitution of the ZnO-supplemented diets by the control diet. 3. Dietary addition of ZnO significantly increased liver, kidneys, pancreas and gizzard Zn contents but this effect was rapidly reversed on removal of the ZnO-containing diets. 4. Hepatic and renal Fe contents were significantly depressed by dietary ZnO but after substitution of these diets by the control diet the values were comparable to that of the controls. 5. Liver Cu content declined significantly as dietary ZnO concentration increased but there was a return towards normal after ZnO withdrawal. Renal, pancreatic and gizzard Cu contents showed quadratic responses to added ZnO. 6. After ZnO withdrawal for 5 weeks, pancreas Cu contents declined linearly, whereas renal and gizzard Cu values were similar for all treatments. 7. Overall the long-term feeding of ZnO-supplemented diets followed by a period of withdrawal of the ZnO supplement had no detrimental effects on tissue mineral contents.
Animals↗
Skin mast cells in polycythaemia vera: relationship to the pathogenesis and treatment of pruritus.
We have measured skin mast cell numbers, circulating basophils and whole blood histamine in 13 patients with polycythaemia vera. Itching was present in nine cases and correlated well with the numbers of skin mast cells but not with circulating basophils or whole blood histamine. Immediate relief of pruritus was achieved with aspirin, and myelosuppressive therapy was useful for long-term control of symptoms. Neither histamine (H1 or H2) antagonists nor iron replacement therapy were effective forms of treatment. The findings suggest that mast cell prostaglandins are an important factor in the pathogenesis of pruritus and that local vascular responses may trigger mast cell degranulation.
Basophils↗
Splenic platelet-sequestration following routine blood transfusion is reduced by filtered/washed blood products.
The mean fall in the platelet count following 23 routine transfusions of 3-5 units packed cells for anaemia was 32.5%. This was significantly reduced to 12.5% in 15 similar transfusions through a 40 microns microaggregate filter (P less than 0.01) and to 4.6% following five transfusions through a polyester fibre filter (P less than 0.005). In 10 transfusions with frozen or polyester fibre filtered, washed red cells, the decrease in platelet count was 4.2% (P less than 0.001). A study of 111In-oxine labelled autologous platelets in nine patients indicated that the fall in platelet count was due to increased splenic sequestration. Since thrombocytopenia following routine transfusion is reduced by procedures which filter the packed cells, the decrease in platelets is probably caused by their adherence to infused microaggregate debris causing their premature removal from the circulation. Patients with preexisting thrombocytopenia who receive red cell transfusions for anaemia, should therefore receive blood products depleted of microaggregate debris in order to avoid exacerbation of thrombocytopenia and haemorrhagic complications.
Anemia↗
Recurrent priapism following splenectomy for thalassaemia intermedia.
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Adolescent↗
Effects of short- and long-term feeding of zinc oxide-supplemented diets on the mature, female domestic fowl with special reference to tissue mineral content.
1. In Expt 1, the effects on laying hens of diets supplemented with zinc oxide providing up to 20 g added zinc/kg were compared. In Expt 2 the diets contained up to 6 g added Zn/kg. 2. In both experiments, food intake, body-weight, egg number, and liver, oviduct and ovary weights/kg body-weight were significantly reduced by added ZnO; gizzard weight/kg body-weight was significantly increased. In Expt 2, pancreas weight was significantly reduced by added ZnO. 3. Liver, kidney and pancreatic Zn and iron concentrations were significantly elevated in both experiments. 4. In both experiments, liver, kidneys and pancreatic copper concentrations gave quadratic responses to added ZnO.
Animals↗
Comparison of the effects of feeding diets supplemented with zinc oxide or zinc acetate on the performance and tissue mineral content of mature female fowls.
An experiment is reported in which zinc, as acetate or oxide, was fed to laying hens for 10 weeks at concentrations equivalent to 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g added Zn/kg diet. Both concentration and form of Zn additive significantly reduced food, water and Zn intakes, egg production and body weight, the acetate having a greater detrimental effect than the oxide at equivalent added Zn inclusion. Zinc acetate depressed the fresh weight/kg body weight of the kidneys, ovary and oviduct to a greater extent than the corresponding oxide treatments. Concentration, but not form of additive, significantly reduced liver and pancreas weights and liver lipid concentration, while spleen and gizzard weights showed increases. Overall, the additives significantly increased the Zn and Fe concentrations of the liver, kidneys, pancreas and gizzard. Zinc concentrations of liver, pancreas and gizzard and Fe concentrations of liver were consistently higher for the acetate-fed birds. Liver, pancreas and gizzard Cu concentrations significantly declined as inclusion rate of Zn increased.
Acetates↗
Multicenter clinical trial and laboratory utilization of an enzymatic detection method for gonococcal antigens.
Seven institutions participated in a comparative study evaluating standard culture method and a new enzyme immunoassay (EIA, Gonozyme, Abbott Diagnostics) for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Five hundred twenty-three patients were entered from hospitals of various sizes representing different population densities, ethnic and economic sectors, and gonococcal prevalence. Statistical analysis showed sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 80.3%, 94.6%, 66.2%, and 97.3% for the total population tested. For the high-prevalence (greater than 15%) population the respective values were as follows: 78.6%, 91.5%, 68.8%, and 94.7%. Specimens from females had a lower sensitivity than those from males. In the low-prevalence population (less than 10%) results were as follows: 100%, 97.8%, 50%, and 100%. A cost comparison emphasized the benefit of the Gram's stain and culture. It also indicated that, unless batched or assayed at high volume, Gonozyme is not cost competitive for laboratories using standard culture methods. The impact of the EIA method, in general, and Gonozyme, specifically, on the microbiology section also was investigated. Integration would require altering of established work patterns and loss of flexibility and freedom of standard plating technics. The fact that Gonozyme is a "presumptive" test limits it to being a complementary assay, not an alternative. The authors conclude that Gonozyme is optimally suited to a high-volume laboratory, screening a low-prevalence female outpatient population, where specimen transport is a problem and gonococcal resistance to penicillin has not been demonstrated. This would include sexually transmitted disease clinics, reference laboratories, and state health departments.
Antigens, Bacterial↗