Biomedical subjects

N Isobe

Publications and source records attributed to N Isobe.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2005

Microvascular distribution and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in bovine cystic follicles.

The aim of this study was to examine the distribution of microvessels in the theca and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the theca and granulosa of cystic follicles. Paraffin sections of cystic follicles were stained with Bandeiraea simplicifolia-I (BS-I) to visualize the endothelial cells of microvessels. The other sections were immunostained with anti-VEGF antibody. The mRNA expression of VEGF in the theca interna of cystic and healthy follicle was determined by RT-PCR. In the theca interna, cystic follicles with granulosa cells had significantly greater microvessel number density (the number of microvessels per given field) and area (area occupied by microvessels per given area) than healthy follicles in various sizes (<3, 4-8, >9 mm). Loss of granulosa cells from cystic follicles resulted in a similar number density, but significantly smaller area of microvessels in the theca interna. There was no significant difference in the microvessel number density and area of the theca externa between the types of follicle. VEGF protein was expressed in the granulosa and theca interna of healthy and cystic follicles. These results demonstrate that cystic follicles have a highly developed vasculature network in the theca interna, especially in cystic follicles containing granulosa cells. It is also suggested that VEGF is highly expressed in the cystic follicle as well as healthy follicle, which may be associated with advanced vasculature and the accumulation of follicular fluid in cystic follicles.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Enzyme immunoassay of progesterone in the feces from beef cattle to monitor the ovarian cycle.

The present study was undertaken to measure fecal progesterone concentration of beef cattle using antibody against authentic progesterone and to examine whether this method can monitor the ovarian cycle in beef cattle. Rectal fecal samples collected from 14 beef cattle were mixed with 6 ml of 100% methanol and shaken for 15 min. After centrifugation, supernatant was extracted with petroleum ether followed by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for progesterone. Specificity of the assay was examined by HPLC separation of fecal solution followed by the EIA in each fraction. The present assay identified only progesterone but not other metabolites in the feces sample that was extracted with petroleum ether. Sensitivity of the assay was estimated to be 0.0055 ng/ml (0.11 ng/g). Coefficient variations of intra- and inter-assay were 9.6-10.9% and 10.8-16.6%, respectively. Recovery rates ranged between 73 and 84%. Patterns in the fecal progesterone concentrations during the ovarian cycle were almost parallel to the plasma concentrations. A significant positive correlation was established between the fecal and plasma progesterone concentrations in individual animal (r=0.59-0.84, P<0.001, n=10) as well as pooled data (r=0.70, P<0.001, n=65). Fecal progesterone concentrations of day 0 (showing the nadir of concentration) of the ovarian cycle were less than 50 ng/g, which increased significantly toward day 9 (P<0.01). From days 14 to 18, there was significant reduction of fecal progesterone concentration (P<0.01). Ovarian cycles had at least 48 ng/g (mean=74 ng/g) of difference between minimum and maximum fecal progesterone concentrations. All cattle at days 9, 11 and 14 had higher fecal progesterone concentrations by more than 20 ng/g compared with day 0. These results suggest that the present EIA is suitable to measure the progesterone in cattle feces and can monitor ovarian cycle.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Pregnancy diagnosis based on the fecal progesterone concentration in beef and dairy heifers and beef cows.

The present study was undertaken to examine whether pregnancy diagnosis was possible by measuring fecal progesterone concentrations in beef and dairy heifers and beef cows. Rectal fecal samples collected on days 18-24 after insemination or days 11-17 after embryo transfer were mixed with methanol and shaken for preparation of a fecal solution. After centrifugation, the supernatant was extracted with petroleum ether followed by an enzyme immunoassay for progesterone. All pregnant animals showed fecal progesterone concentrations greater than 50 ng/g of fecal material on days 18-24 after AI or estrus. In non-pregnant animals, however, the fecal progesterone concentrations ranged widely from 5 to 180 ng/g of fecal material. In non-pregnant cattle, the percentage of cattle with <50 ng progesterone/g of fecal material compared with the total number was 37-60% on days 18-20, whereas the percentages increased more than 70% to a maximum of 78.1% on day 23. When 50 ng/g was considered as the cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity of positive pregnancy tests were less than 70% on days 21-24, and 100% for negative pregnancy tests on days 18-24. There were significant differences in the mean fecal progesterone concentrations between pregnant and non-pregnant cattle on days 19-24. These results suggest that feces can be utilized to substitute for plasma and milk to measure progesterone for the purpose of pregnancy diagnosis in heifers and cows.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Apoptosis in the antral follicles of swamp buffalo and cattle ovary: TUNEL and caspase-3 histochemistry.

The present study was carried out to investigate the pattern of apoptosis in the healthy antral and atretic follicles of Philippine swamp buffaloes (BU) in comparison with Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows. Paraffin sections of healthy follicles and various stages of atretic follicles were stained using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphates (dUTP) nick end-labelling (TUNEL) method to detect DNA fragmentation and cleaved caspase-3 antibody to detect cells committed to undergo apoptosis. Five equidistant areas of a follicle were counted for the presence of TUNEL- and caspase-3-positive cells. Healthy follicles of BU and HF contained no TUNEL-positive cells in the granulosa and theca layer but showed some caspase-3 positivity. The granulosa layer of advanced atretic follicles showed a significantly higher frequency of caspase-3 positivity than the healthy and early atretic follicles in both breeds. The frequency of caspase-3-positive cells of BU was significantly higher than HF in the granulosa layer of healthy, early atretic and advanced atretic follicles. In the theca interna layer, BU and HF showed a significantly lower and higher frequency of TUNEL-positive cells in the late atretic follicles compared with advanced atretic follicle, respectively. However, the frequency of caspase-3-positive cells of both BU and HF in the late atretic follicles was significantly higher than the advanced atretic follicles in the theca interna layer. These results indicate that caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation is involved in the buffalo ovarian apoptotic process.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Pregnancy diagnosis in miniature pig by direct ELISA of oestrone derivatives in faeces.

The objectives of the present study were to measure oestrone derivatives [oestrone, oestrone sulphate (E1S) and oestrone glucuronide] in sow faeces by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and to explore the changes of oestrone derivative profile in faeces of miniature pig for demonstrating the possibility of pregnancy diagnosis. Faecal samples (1.5 g) were put into 6 ml of buffer, shaken and centrifuged. Then supernatant was added to the wells of multi-plate without extraction and incubated with anti-oestrone antibody and horseradish peroxidase-labelled oestrone. Standard solution was prepared at various concentrations of E1S. Sensitivity was estimated as 0.035 ng/ml (0.14 ng/g). Intra- and inter-assay coefficient variations were 3.5-7.7% and 10.9-15.3%, respectively. When 1-5 ng/ml E1S were added to a faecal solution, recovery rates ranged between 80.0 and 103.3%. There is a temporal increase in the E1S equivalent concentration of miniature pig faeces from day 25 to 31 after mating. From day 35 to 70, the E1S equivalent concentrations remained low. Thereafter its concentrations increased again towards farrowing. On day 27 and 29 after mating pregnancy diagnosis by the faecal E1S equivalent concentrations agreed with the results of farrowing (seven of seven animals). These results suggest that the present direct ELISA is practical and suitable as a routine assay for measuring the faecal concentration of oestrone derivatives and that this assay might be usable for pregnancy diagnosis in sows at day 27-29.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Cell proliferation in the atretic follicles of buffalo and cattle ovary.

The present study was carried out to describe the proliferative activity of granulosa and theca cells in healthy antral and atretic follicles of Philippine buffaloes (BU) and Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows. Paraffin sections of ovary were immunostained with mouse monoclonal antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Then the follicles were classified into healthy and various stages of atretic follicles. The granulosa layer of healthy follicles had a significantly higher frequency of PCNA-positive cells than the early and advanced atretic follicles in both breeds. In the theca interna, significantly reduced populations of the PCNA-positive cells were found in both breeds as atresia progressed. Moreover, HF had significantly higher PCNA-positive cells in the theca interna of healthy, early atretic and advanced atretic follicles than BU. A reduction of PCNA-positive cells during atresia was also noted in the theca externa in both animals although differences were not significant. The results of the present work suggest that the proliferative activity of granulosa and theca cells decreases in association with follicular atresia in the BU similar to HF. Furthermore, a significantly deficient cell proliferative activity of theca interna was found in BU compared with HF.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Incidence of silent ovulation in dairy cows during post partum period.

The present study was undertaken to show the incidence of silent ovulation in high producing dairy cows, by monitoring ovarian cyclicity based on practical milk progesterone assay which was established in this study. The direct milk progesterone enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using anti-progesterone-3(E)-carboxymethyloxime-BSA antibody for the antibody and horse radish peroxidase labeled progesterone for tracer. High sensitivity (26 pg/mL, 0.65 pg/well), high recovery rates (83-97%), high reproducibility (CV of intra-assay 4.8-11.5%; CV of inter-assay 14.3-19.1%) and high correlation between milk progesterone concentrations measured by the direct ELISA and the values obtained by the ELISA after extraction proved the reliability of the assay. In second experiment the incidence of silent ovulation was investigated based on the milk progesterone concentrations in 32 dairy cows within 70 days post partum. The incidences of silent ovulation at the first, second, third and fourth ovulation post partum were 83, 46, 13 and 0%, respectively. Most commonly observed patterns of sequential occurrence of silent ovulation in cows ovulating 2, 3 or 4 times within 70 days post partum were silent-estrus (50%), silent-silent-estrus (60%) and silent-silent-estrus-estrus (67%), respectively. These results suggest that the present ELISA is a reliable and practically applicable method for determination of progesterone in milk and that high producing dairy cows show a high incidence of silent ovulation at the first post partum ovulation as well as the second ovulation, which then decreased with the increased frequency of ovulation.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Distribution of cytochrome P450-side chain cleavage in the theca interna layers of bovine small antral and cystic follicles.

Cystic follicle is anovulatory follicular structure that is caused by an endocrine imbalance. The activity of cytochrome P450-side chain cleavage (P450scc) is essential for the initiation of steroidogenesis in the follicle. The present study was designed to compare the frequency of cells containing P450scc between healthy and atretic small antral follicles, and among several types (I, II and III, classified based on the presence of granulosa layer) of cystic follicles. Paraffin sections of healthy (2-5 mm in diameter), atretic (2-5 mm) and cystic follicles (>25 mm) were immunohistochemically stained with rabbit polyclonal antibody to bovine P450scc. The P450scc-positive cells were counted in four different regions of the follicles from the apical to the basal side. In small antral follicles and cystic follicles, P450scc-positive cells were localized in the theca interna layers but not granulosa layers. The P450scc-positive cell populations decreased in the late atretic follicles compared with the early and advanced atretic follicles at all the regions of follicle. Type III cystic follicles showed significantly lower frequencies of P450scc-positive cells than those in the types I and II cystic follicles. These results suggest that in both small and cystic follicles in cows, total loss of granulosa cells may be associated with the reduction of frequency of P450scc-positive cells in theca interna layer.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in cumulus cells is responsible for both suppression of spontaneous maturation and induction of gonadotropin-stimulated maturation of porcine oocytes.

In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of protein kinase B (PKB) activation and its role in cumulus cells during in vitro meiotic resumption of porcine oocytes. PKB activity in cumulus cells was significantly decreased by 12 h cultivation of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) in basic medium. However, the addition of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, hypoxanthine or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, maintained the level of PKB activity in cumulus cells at comparable with that in cumulus cells just after collection from their follicles. When COCs were cultured with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) inhibitor, LY294002, PKB activity was significantly decreased, and both caspase 3 activity and the proportion of apoptotic cells were significantly increased as compared with those in cumulus cells just after collection from their follicles. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of hypoxanthine on spontaneous meiotic resumption was overcome by addition of LY294002. On the other hand, markedly high activity of PKB and high intensity of the phosphorylated PKB band were observed in cumulus cells of COCs which were cultured with FSH. The addition of 20 microM LY294002 to FSH-containing medium induced an apoptosis of cumulus cells, whereas little apoptotic-positive signal was detected in COCs cultured with 5 microM LY294002 and FSH. However, the inhibitory effects of LY294002 on progesterone production by cumulus cells and germinal vesicle breakdown in oocytes reached a maximum at 5 microM. Thus, high activity of the PI 3-kinase-PKB pathway in cumulus cells plays an important role in FSH regulation of cell function. Judging from these results, it is estimated that PI 3-kinase in cumulus cells is required for both the suppression of spontaneous meiotic resumption and the induction of gonadotropin-stimulated meiotic resumption.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

sFlt-1 gene-transfected fibroblasts: a wound-specific gene therapy inhibits local cancer recurrence.

Local recurrence occurs frequently at the site of injury after surgical resection. On the other hand, fibroblasts have been shown to accumulate in the injured area to heal and remodel the damaged tissues. Therefore, fibroblasts are likely to be useful as wound-specific vectors for delivery of genes to sites of surgically injury. The present study was performed to investigate wound-specific migration of exogenously administered fibroblasts and efficacy of gene therapy using genetically engineered fibroblasts in an i.p. wound recurrence model in rats. We demonstrated that fibroblasts transfected with the GFP gene accumulated specifically around the site of injury immediately after i.p. injection. Then, fibroblasts transfected with an adenovirus designated as AdFex that encoded the soluble form of Flt-1 (sFlt-1), a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, were administered i.p. to the rats to examine inhibition of tumor growth. At day 16 after implantation, a significantly smaller tumor volume and less microvessel density in wound sites were observed in the AdFex/fibroblast-treated rats than in controls. Furthermore, this treatment also resulted in an improved survival rate. In conclusion, autologous fibroblasts show promise as a wound-specific vector for gene therapy, and administration of sFlt-1 gene-engineered fibroblasts contributed to local control of the tumor around the injured tissue.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Survival of boar spermatozoa frozen in diluents of varying osmolality.

We investigated the effects of freezing diluents of differing levels of osmolality on boar sperm cryosurvival. The spermatozoa were frozen using a pellet technique. Cryosurvival was evaluated in terms of motility, intact acrosomes and membrane integrity. The motility parameters were assessed using a computer-assisted sperm motility analysis (CASA) system. Acrosomal status was monitored by means of FITC-labeled peanut agglutinin, and membrane integrity was evaluated after double staining with SYBR-14 and propidium iodide. At 3 h of incubation after thawing, the highest motility was found in the 420 mOsm/kg group, and progressive motiLity in the 420 to 580 mOsm/kg groups was higher than that in the hypo- (225 mOsm/kg) and iso-osmotic (290 mOsm/kg) groups (P < 0.05). The intact acrosomes of the spermatozoa frozen in the 510 and 580 mOsm/kg BF5 diluents were more numerous than in other groups (P < 0.05). The 420 and 510 mOsm/kg groups yielded maximal values of post-thaw membrane integrity. These observations obtained in the present study indicate that moderately hypertonic BF5 diluents are favorable for the cryopreservation of boar spermatozoa.

Acrosome Reaction↗

PubMed2001

Initial induction and subsequent reduction of alpha(2u)-globulin in urine and serum of mature male rats after repeated intraperitoneal injections of (anti)estrogen.

The influence of sex (anti)hormones on expression of alpha(2u)-globulin (a2uG) is complex and has not been sufficiently detailed. In order to assess the specificity of sex (anti)hormone action on a2uG expression and the utility of this approach as a sensitive screening method, mature male rats were given daily intraperitoneal injections of 17beta-estradiol (E2), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), tamoxifen (TX) and flutamide (FL) for 5 consecutive days. They were employed as representatives of estrogen, androgen, antiestrogen and antiandrogen categories, respectively. Urinary a2uG was specifically altered with E2 (1 microg/kg/day) and TX (50 mg/kg/day), but not by DHT (1 mg/kg/day) or FL (50 mg/kg/day). E2 and TX temporarily increased urinary a2uG on days 1 or 2, and days 2-4, respectively, followed by a return to the control level, and then a decrease with E2. The reduction in urinary a2uG on day 6 was more pronounced than the drop in serum a2uG. Serum hormone levels, and liver and testis weights were not remarkably altered with any treatment. Another strong xenoestrogen, diethylstilbestrol, also significantly reduced urinary and serum a2uG at 1 mg/kg/day on day 6. However, the other xenoestrogens (100 mg/kg/day of bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and 10 mg/kg/day of dieldrin) and phytoestrogens (10 mg/kg/day of genistein and daidzein) were without any appreciable influence. The results indicate that urinary a2uG is a sensitive indicator of estrogen action in mature male rats, with two different responses, initial induction and subsequent reduction.

Alpha-Globulins↗

PubMed2001

An in vitro reporter gene assay method incorporating metabolic activation with human and rat S9 or liver microsomes.

A metabolic activation system with an S9 fraction or liver microsomes was applied to a reporter gene assay in vitro for the screening of estrogenicity of chemicals. The endpoint (luciferase) was luciferase induction in cells transfected with a reporter plasmid containing an estrogen-responsive element linked to the luciferase gene. Compounds were applied to the reporter gene assay system after pretreatment or simultaneous treatment with an S9 fraction or liver microsomes. Both trans-stilbene and methoxychlor themselves showed no or little estrogenicity, but when they were treated with an S9 fraction or liver microsomes, they demonstrated strong effects, indicating their metabolites to be estrogenic. When four pyrethroid insecticides were subjected to this assay system, however, they showed no estrogenicity even with liver microsome or S9 mix treatment.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of in vitro methods for detecting the effects of various chemicals on the human progesterone receptor, with a focus on pyrethroid insecticides.

The progesterone receptor (PR) is associated with physiological events such as implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy. Recently, it has become a social concern that chemicals may exert agonistic or antagonistic effects on hormone receptors. Therefore, we examined the effects of various chemicals on the human PR, with a focus on pyrethroid insecticides, using three in vitro methods. Eight pyrethroid insecticides (fenvalerate, d-allethrin, d-phenothrin, prallethrin, empenthrin, permethrin, cypermethrin and imiprothrin), examples of environmental pollutants and positive control chemicals were subjected to a reporter gene assay (luciferase assay) using human breast cancer T-47D cells, a two-hybrid assay and a binding assay using the same whole cells or receptors (cell-free). In none of these did the eight pyrethroid insecticides show any binding to the PR, agonistic or antagonistic effects.

Binding, Competitive↗

PubMed2001

Inhibitory effect of Y-27632, a ROCK inhibitor, on progression of rat liver fibrosis in association with inactivation of hepatic stellate cells.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a final common pathway of liver fibrosis. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the small GTPase Rho is involved in HSCs activation, and that Y-27632, an inhibitor of Rho-kinase which is an effector that acts downstream of Rho, inhibits Rho-associated effects. The objective of the current study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of Y-27632 on the activation of HSCs and the progression of liver fibrosis. METHODS: Y-27632 (1, 10, 100 microM) was added to HSCs isolated from normal rat liver. RESULTS: HSCs maintained the 'star-like' configuration of the quiescent stage in the presence of Y-27632, as well as inhibition of the expression of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger mRNA which was reported to be an indicator of HSCs activation. In addition, when Y-27632 (30 mg/kg body weight) was administered to rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis, collagen deposition was inhibited, the hepatic hydroxyproline content was decreased, and the serum hyaluronic acid level was reduced. Moreover, Y-27632 reduced the number of smooth muscle alpha-actin-positive cells and transforming growth factor-beta1-positive cells, and inhibited the expression of Na/Ca2+ exchanger mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that Y-27632 may be useful for the clinical management of liver fibrosis.

Amides↗

PubMed2001

RECK gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation with invasion-related clinicopathological factors and its clinical significance. Reverse-inducing--cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs.

The RECK (reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs) gene was initially isolated as a transformation suppressor gene. It encodes a membrane-anchored glycoprotein with multiple serine protease inhibitor-like domains. The RECK gene is expressed widely in normal organs but is undetectable in many tumor-derived cell lines. When artificially expressed in such cell lines, RECK suppresses their invasive and metastatic activities. Clinical implications of these findings, however, remained undefined because of the lack of studies using fresh human tumor samples. In the present study, we have addressed this issue by analyzing the levels of RECK gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RECK mRNA was detectable by RNA blot hybridization in all the tumorous and contiguous nontumorous tissues obtained from 64 patients with HCC. In 26 cases, the RECK expression in tumorous tissues was higher than that in nontumorous tissues. The expression of RECK protein in these tissues could also be demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Patients with high RECK mRNA expression in tumorous tissues tended to show better survival (P =.02), and such tumors had a tendency to be less invasive. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that the RECK mRNA expression is a novel and independent variable affecting overall survival (P =.01). These findings support the hypothesis that RECK has negative effects on the invasiveness of HCC cells and suggest the feasibility of RECK mRNA as a promising prognostic molecular marker for HCC.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of the autonomic nervous system function in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis--power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability using 24-hour Holter electrocardiograms.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the circadian rhythm of the autonomic nervous system functions of children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The subjects were allocated to three groups--enuresis group (n = 72), normal control group (n = 26), post-treated and cured enuresis group (n = 13). In the three groups. we evaluated the autonomic nervous system function by the power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) using 24-hour Holter electrocardiograms. Frequency components of the power spectra of HRV (% power) were divided into three factors; the very low frequency (VLF), the low frequency (LF) and the high frequency (HF) by computer analysis using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). RESULTS: In the three groups, the HF component reflecting parasympathetic activity was significantly higher, compared with the LF during sleep. The HF in the enuresis group was significantly higher, compared with the HF in the control group during sleep. The HF in the control group was significantly lower, compared with the LF during waking. However, the HF in the enuresis group was significantly higher, compared with the LF during waking. It showed more increased parasympathetic tone in the enuresis group, compared with that of the control group during sleep and waking. In the post-treated enuresis group, the HF during sleep and waking were significantly decreased, compared with those before treatment. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest the parasympathetic hyperfunction through 24 hours and abnormal circadian rhythm of autonomic nervous system functions in the enuresis group. The post-treated enuresis group showed normal autonomic nervous system functions.

Autonomic Nervous System↗

PubMed2001

Electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation and changes in the regional work of the left ventricle during coronary angioplasty.

This study evaluated the reduction in regional work of the left ventricle caused by acute myocardial ischemia during coronary angioplasty, and correlated it with ST-segment elevation. Regional work of the left ventricular myocardium, which is derived from a stress-strain loop, is a useful index of the function of a diseased heart. However, the effects of transient ischemia on the regional work of the myocardium have not been fully elucidated. The subjects consisted of 25 patients who had proximal left anterior descending artery stenosis with normal wall motion and without collateral circulation. The patients were classified as showing ST-segment elevation > or = 0.2 mV (group A, 10 patients), or ST-segment elevation < 0.2mV (group B, 15 patients) during coronary angioplasty. Group A showed a greater reduction in the regional work of the interventricular septum than group B. Regional work recovered to the baseline level 30 s after balloon deflation in group B, but took 40 s in group A. A greater ST elevation during balloon inflation was associated with a greater, prolonged reduction of work performance in the ischemic region and a greater concomitant increase in the opposite nonischemic region.

Acute Disease↗