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Biomedical subjects

N Hamajima

Publications and source records attributed to N Hamajima.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Psychological effects of forest environments on healthy adults: Shinrin-yoku (forest-air bathing, walking) as a possible method of stress reduction.

OBJECTIVES: Shinrin-yoku (walking and/or staying in forests in order to promote health) is a major form of relaxation in Japan; however, its effects have yet to be completely clarified. The aims of this study were: (1) to evaluate the psychological effects of shinrin-yoku in a large number of participants; and (2) to identify the factors related to these effects. METHODS: Four hundred and ninety-eight healthy volunteers took part in the study. Surveys were conducted twice in a forest on the same day (forest day) and twice on a control day. Outcome measures were evaluated using the Multiple Mood Scale-Short Form (hostility, depression, boredom, friendliness, wellbeing and liveliness) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory A-State Scale. Statistical analyses were conducted using analysis of variance and multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: Hostility (P<0.001) and depression (P<0.001) scores decreased significantly, and liveliness (P=0.001) scores increased significantly on the forest day compared with the control day. The main effect of environment was also observed with all outcomes except for hostility, and the forest environment was advantageous. Stress levels were shown to be related to the magnitude of the shinrin-yoku effect; the higher the stress level, the greater the effect. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that forest environments are advantageous with respect to acute emotions, especially among those experiencing chronic stress. Accordingly, shinrin-yoku may be employed as a stress reduction method, and forest environments can be viewed as therapeutic landscapes. Therefore, customary shinrin-yoku may help to decrease the risk of psychosocial stress-related diseases, and evaluation of the long-term effects of shinrin-yoku is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Influence of smoking and CYP2C19 genotypes on H. pylori eradication success.

CYP2C19 polymorphisms and smoking influence the efficacy of H. pylori eradication therapy, but interaction between the two have hitherto not been examined. A total of 142 H. pylori-positive patients who received triple drug therapy with lansoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin were categorized into three groups with regard to diplotypes of CYP2C19: homozygous extensive metabolizer (homEM), heterozygous EM (hetEM), and poor metabolizer (PM). The overall success rate was 61.3%. Smoking was an independent risk factor of eradication failure (OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.14-6.91), whereas CYP2C19 polymorphisms were less influential. Among non-smokers, the homEM and hetEM groups showed worse eradication rates (58.5 and 67.3%) relative to PM (76.2%) as expected; however, an opposite trend was observed among smokers (homEM 50.0%, hetEM 46.7%, PM 20.0%), indicating possible interactions with CYP2C19 polymorphisms. Smoking has a greater influence on H. pylori eradication than the CYP2C19 genotype. Interaction between smoking and CYP2C19 should be examined in the future.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
PubMed2006

ALDH2 polymorphisms and bone mineral density in an elderly Japanese population.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis is a multifactorial genetic disease which greatly increases the risk of bone fracture in elderly persons. METHODS: Four hundred and three recipients of a community health screening program were examined for the presence/absence of osteoporosis and 11 kinds of gene polymorphisms as a means of determining the relation between these gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis. The gene polymorphisms screened were: alcohol sensitivity-associated polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2) Arg47His, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) Glu487Lys, smoking sensitivity-associated polymorphisms of glutathione S transferase (GST) M1, (GST)T1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) C609T, inflammation-associated polymorphisms of interleukin-1beta (IL-1B)T-31C, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) T-1031C, endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) Glu298Asp, longevity-associated polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 5178 A/C, allergy-associated polymorphism of interleukin-4 (IL-4), and immunity-associated polymorphism of CD14. RESULTS: A significant association was found between the ALDH2Glu478Lys gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis. In the osteoporosis group of patients, a significant difference was noted between the Lys/Lys group and the group comprising Glu/Lys and Glu/Glu groups (namely, the genotypes including Glu alleles). In the Lys/Lys group, after age, sex, BMI, smoking history and alcohol consumption history had been adjusted for, the morbidity rate was significantly elevated [odds ratio (OR): 3.33; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.28-8.71; p=0.014], and the effect was even more evident in the sub-group of women with osteoporosis (OR: 4.31; 95% CI: 1.24-14.92; p=0.021). CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that active prophylactic interventions such as dietary, exercise, and pharmacological therapies should be offered to non-carriers of the Glu allele (Lys/Lys).

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Risk and prognostic factors for Japanese patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation.

The incidence and prognostic factors for chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) were evaluated for 255 Japanese patients who survived more than 100 days after bone marrow transplantation, and of whom 119 (47%) developed cGVHD. Prior acute GVHD (grade 2-4) and use of an unrelated donor were significantly associated with the onset of cGVHD. Presence of cGVHD did not have an impact on mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.59-1.3). Three factors at diagnosis were associated with cGVHD-specific survival: presence of infection (HR = 4.1; 95% CI, 1.6-10.3), continuing use of corticosteroids at the onset of cGVHD (HR = 3.9; 95% CI, 1.7-9.1), and a Karnofsky performance score <80 (HR = 4.7; 95% CI, 2.0-11.3). The probability of cGVHD-specific survival at 4 years was 79% (95% CI, 70-86%). The severity and death rate of Japanese patients with cGVHD was lower than those for populations in Western countries, which might be the result of greater genetic homogeneity of Japanese ethnics. Our patients could not be accurately classified when the proposed prognostic models from Western countries were used, thus indicating the need for a different model to identify high-risk patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Aldose reductase gene is associated with diabetic macroangiopathy in Japanese Type 2 diabetic patients.

AIMS: The aldose reductase (AR) gene, a rate-limiting enzyme of the polyol pathway, has been investigated as a candidate gene in determining susceptibility to diabetic microangiopathy. However, the association of the AR gene with diabetic macroangiopathy has not been investigated. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine whether genetic variations of AR may determine susceptibility to diabetic macroangiopathy. METHODS: There were 378 Type 2 diabetic patients enrolled in this study. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region (C-106T) was genotyped and the AR protein content of erythrocytes measured by ELISA. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in genotypic or allelic distribution in patients with or without ischaemic heart diseases, but there was a significant increase in the frequency of the CT + TT genotype and T allele in patients with stroke (P = 0.019 and P = 0.012). The erythrocyte AR protein content was increased in patients with the CT and TT genotype compared with those with the CC genotype. After adjustment for age, duration of diabetes, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, and serum creatinine, triglycerides, and total cholesterol in multivariate logistic-regression models, the association between this AR genotype and stroke remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the CT or TT genotype of the AR gene might be a genetic marker of susceptibility to stroke in Type 2 diabetic patients. This observation might contribute to the development of strategies for the prevention of stroke in Type 2 diabetic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Interleukin 1B proinflammatory genotypes protect against gastro-oesophageal reflux disease through induction of corpus atrophy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is controversial but it is accepted that GORD is associated with increased exposure to gastric acidity. The proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1B polymorphisms increase the risk of hypochlorhydria and gastric atrophy. We examined the association between proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms, presence of gastric atrophy, and risk of GORD in H pylori positive and negative subjects in Japan. METHODS: We studied 320 consecutive dyspeptic patients without peptic ulcers or cancers. GORD symptoms were scored using the Carlsson-Dent questionnaire and erosive oesophagitis was assessed endoscopically. H pylori infection was diagnosed by urea breath test, histological examination, and serology. Gastric atrophy was assessed histologically, and polymorphisms in the IL-1B, IL-10, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-A) genes were genotyped. RESULTS: Two hundred and eight patients were H pylori positive and 112 were negative. One hundred and eight (34%) were found to have erosive oesophagitis by endoscopic criteria (grade A: 78; grade B: 23; grade C: 6; grade D: 1). Erosive oesophagitis and GORD symptoms were significantly more common in H pylori negative compared with H pylori positive subjects (p<0.05). H pylori positive subjects were more likely to have corpus gastric atrophy than H pylori negative subjects (p<0.001). Among H pylori positive patients, those without erosive oesophagitis or GORD symptoms were significantly more likely to have corpus atrophy than subjects with erosive oesophagitis or GORD symptoms (p<0.05). Among H pylori positive patients, subjects homozygous for the proinflammatory allele IL-1B-511T had a significantly lower risk of erosive oesophagitis (odds ratio (OR) 0.06 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.006-0.51); p=0.01) and GORD symptoms (OR 0.10 (95% CI 0.01-0.85); p=0.04) compared with those homozygous for the -511C allele, while none of the two other proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms had significant correlations with erosive oesophagitis or GORD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: A proinflammatory IL-1B genotype is associated with increased risk of atrophy and decreased risk of GORD in H pylori infected subjects in Japan. These data indicate that in some genetically predisposed subjects, H pylori infection may protect against GORD through induction of gastric atrophy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Value of chemotherapy before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling donor for myelodysplastic syndrome.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) is a curative treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The object of this study was to evaluate the impact of chemotherapy before allo-SCT. We analyzed the data of 283 patients who underwent allo-SCT from an HLA-identical sibling donor for MDS that were reported to the Japan Society for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. The cumulative incidence of grade II-IV acute GVHD was 33%. Overall survival (OS) at 5 and 10 years was 48.8 and 42.5%, respectively. Multivariate analyses identified karyotype, FAB classification, and the history of chemotherapy before allo-SCT as significant predictors for OS. OS at 5 years was 57% for patients who underwent allo-SCT as a primary treatment for refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-t) or secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 54% for those who underwent allo-SCT in remission after induction chemotherapy (P=0.81). The proportion of patients with a poor karyotype was equivalent between the two groups (P=0.44). Although only a randomized controlled trial will be able to establish a definite conclusion, these results do not support the administration of induction chemotherapy for patients with RAEB-t or secondary AML before allo-SCT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Allogeneic myeloablative transplantation for patients aged 50 years and over.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been performed mainly for young patients due to concern about the high incidence of treatment-related mortality (TRM). Recent advances to reduce TRM by using peripheral blood stem cells or nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens have increased the age limit for this procedure, and correctly identifying the indication for transplant is essential for older patients. In this study, we analyzed data from 398 patients aged 50 or over selected from 5147 patients, who received conventional allogeneic HSCT (c-HSCT). Patients aged 50 or older showed inferior outcomes for TRM and overall survival (OS). Mulitivariate analyses confirmed that an age of 50 or over was an independent risk factor for TRM (P<0.0001) and OS (P<0.0001). Among patients aged 50 or older, increasing age remained an adverse factor for OS (P=0.0213). Regimens including total-body irradiation (TBI) correlated with a higher risk of TRM and a lower OS for older patients (P=0.0095 and 0.0303, respectively). These findings indicate that allogeneic c-HSCT should be offered to patients over 50 years only if the increased risk of TRM is acceptable, and that a non-TBI regimen is preferable when the transplant is performed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Tacrolimus instead of cyclosporine used for prophylaxis against graft-versus-host disease improves outcome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from unrelated donors, but not from HLA-identical sibling donors: a nationwide survey conducted in Japan.

Despite recent advances, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains the main cause of treatment failure for patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Tacrolimus (FK506) has been increasingly used in place of cyclosporine (CSP), and several studies have shown that FK506 reduces the incidence of acute GVHD more effectively than does CSP. However, no survival benefits have been demonstrated, and no established consensus exists on the choice of these immunosuppressive agents. To compare a CSP-based and an FK506-based regimen, we performed a large-scale retrospective study by using the data of 1935 patients who underwent HSCT from HLA-identical sibling donors (SIB-HSCT) and 777 patients who underwent HSCT from unrelated donors (UD-HSCT). For patients undergoing UD-HSCT, FK506 significantly reduced the risk of acute GVHD and treatment-related mortality (TRM) without an increase in relapse, thus improving overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio (HR): 2.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.60-3.04, P<0.0001 for grade II-IV acute GVHD; HR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.32-2.48, P=0.0003 for TRM; HR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.23-2.14, P=0.0007 for OS). This superiority of FK506 was not observed in SIB-HSCT cases. These findings indicate that the use of FK506 instead of CSP for GVHD prophylaxis is beneficial for patients undergoing UD-HSCT.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Clinical impact of graft-versus-host disease against leukemias not in remission at the time of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from related donors. The Japan Society for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Working Party.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) increases post-transplant mortality and morbidity, but exerts a potent graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. To clarify the impact of GVHD on outcome after transplant in aggressive diseases, patients with acute myeloid or lymphoblastic leukemia (AML, n = 366 or ALL, n = 255) in nonremission states, or chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML, n = 180) in accelerated phase (AP) or blastic crisis (BC), who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from a related donor between 1991 and 2000, were analyzed. Significant improvement in overall and disease-free survival (DFS) was detected with grade I acute GVHD in AML (P = 0.0002 for overall survival and 0.0009 for DFS, respectively) and in CML (P = 0.0256 and 0.0366, respectively), while the trend towards improved survival was observed in ALL. Relapse rate was lower in grade I acute GVHD than in grade II in all three diseases, suggesting that treatment for grade II GVHD may compromise the GVL effect associated with GVHD. Chronic GVHD was found to suppress relapse in CML and ALL, but not in AML, although no improvement in survival was observed in any disease category. Our results suggest that treatment for grade II acute GVHD may need to be attenuated in transplant for refractory leukemias.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effect of graft-versus-host disease on the outcome of bone marrow transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling donor using GVHD prophylaxis with cyclosporin A and methotrexate.

The effect of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) on relapse incidence and survival has been analyzed in several studies, but previous studies included heterogeneous patients. Therefore, we analyzed the data of 2114 patients who received unmanipulated bone marrow graft from an HLA-identical sibling donor with a GVHD prophylaxis using cyclosporin A and methotrexate. Among the 1843 patients who survived without relapse at 60 days after transplantation, 435 (24%) developed grade II-IV acute GVHD. Among the 1566 patients who survived without relapse at 150 days after transplantation, 705 (47%) developed chronic GVHD. The incidence of relapse was significantly lower in patients who developed acute or chronic GVHD, but disease-free survival (DFS) was significantly inferior in patients who developed acute GVHD. A benefit of 'mild' GVHD was only seen in high-risk patients who developed grade I acute GVHD. The strongest association between GVHD and a decreased incidence of relapse was observed in patients with standard-risk acute myelogenous leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome. In conclusion, the therapeutic window between decreased relapse and increased transplant-related mortality due to the development of GVHD appeared to be very narrow.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Smoking and polymorphisms of fucosyltransferase gene Le affect success of H. pylori eradication with lansoprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin.

Identification of factors influencing success of Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication is important for clinical practice. We have prospectively conducted an HP eradication study in the Aichi Cancer Center with a total of 142 patients available for analysis. The overall success rate was 61.3% (95% confidence interval 52.7-69.3%). Smoking during the medication for eradication significantly decreased the success rate (42.9%), whereas smoking cessation during the treatment was associated with a similar rate as for non-smokers (66.7%). We also examined links between an eradication outcome and polymorphisms of Le, Se, IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN and MPO genes, but with one exception none showed any association. The non-functional le allele of Le polymorphisms, leading to decreased expression of Le(b) antigen to which HP attaches with adhesin, showed a beneficial effect for success. Although further clarification is necessary, our study indicated that smoking cessation and Le gene polymorphisms may affect the success rate of HP eradication.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
PubMed2003

Cytomegalovirus antigenemia and outcome of patients treated with pre-emptive ganciclovir: retrospective analysis of 241 consecutive patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

CMV disease remains a major infectious complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To investigate the relationship between CMV antigenemia, treatment with ganciclovir (GCV), and outcome, we retrospectively analyzed 241 consecutive patients at risk for CMV infection who underwent allogeneic HSCT. Antigenemia-guided pre-emptive strategy with GCV was used for all patients. CMV antigenemia developed in 169 patients (70.1%), and CMV disease in 18 patients (7.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that acute GVHD (grades II-IV) was the only risk factor for developing antigenemia, and acute GVHD and advanced age for CMV disease. GCV use, as well as acute GVHD and advanced age, significantly increased the risk for bacterial and fungal infection after engraftment. Those who developed CMV antigenemia had a poorer outcome than those who did not (log-rank, P=0.0269), although the development of CMV disease worsened the outcome with only borderline significance (log-rank, P=0.0526). In conclusion, detection of antigenemia proved to be a poor prognostic factor for HSCT patients, which may be attributed to a combination of factors, including CMV disease itself, the effect of treatment, and a host status that allows for reactivation of CMV. Optimal pre-emptive strategy needs to be determined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease.

Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58,515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95,067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19-1.45, P<0.00001) for an intake of 35-44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33-1.61, P<0.00001) for >/=45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P<0.00001) for each additional 10 g per day intake of alcohol, i.e. for each extra unit or drink of alcohol consumed on a daily basis. This increase was the same in ever-smokers and never-smokers (7.1% per 10 g per day, P<0.00001, in each group). By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol. When analyses were restricted to 22 255 women with breast cancer and 40 832 controls who reported drinking no alcohol, smoking was not associated with breast cancer (compared to never-smokers, relative risk for ever-smokers=1.03, 95% CI 0.98-1.07, and for current smokers=0.99, 0.92-1.05). The results for alcohol and for tobacco did not vary substantially across studies, study designs, or according to 15 personal characteristics of the women; nor were the findings materially confounded by any of these factors. If the observed relationship for alcohol is causal, these results suggest that about 4% of the breast cancers in developed countries are attributable to alcohol. In developing countries, where alcohol consumption among controls averaged only 0.4 g per day, alcohol would have a negligible effect on the incidence of breast cancer. In conclusion, smoking has little or no independent effect on the risk of developing breast cancer; the effect of alcohol on breast cancer needs to be interpreted in the context of its beneficial effects, in moderation, on cardiovascular disease and its harmful effects on cirrhosis and cancers of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus and liver.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Regular consumption of green tea and the risk of breast cancer recurrence: follow-up study from the Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC), Japan.

Experimental studies suggest various features of anticancer activity of green tea including inhibitory effect of tumor invasion and metastasis. This study was conducted to examine the association between regular green tea consumption prior to diagnosis and subsequent risk of breast cancer recurrence. The Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC) was started in 1988, in which information on lifestyle has routinely been collected from all first-visit outpatients by questionnaire. A total of 1160 new surgical cases of female invasive breast cancers with HERPACC information diagnosed between June 1990 and August 1998 were followed up through December 1999, and the risk (hazard ratio: HR) of recurrence was assessed with reference to daily green tea consumption using a Cox proportional hazard model. During 5264 person-years of follow-up, 133 subjects (12%) were documented to suffer recurrence of breast cancer. A decreased HR for recurrence adjusted for stage was observed with consumption of three or more daily cups of green tea (HR=0.69, 95% confidence interval (95%CI)=0.47-1.00). Particularly in stage I, the HR was decreased statistically significantly (HR=0.43, 95%CI=0.22-0.84). A similar tendency was observed for stage II subjects, but was not present among more advanced stages. Although careful interpretation is needed, these results suggest the possibility that regular green tea consumption may be preventive against recurrence of breast cancer in early stage cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Association between polymorphisms of folate- and methionine-metabolizing enzymes and susceptibility to malignant lymphoma.

Genetic alteration is considered a probable cause of malignant lymphoma. Folate and methionine metabolism play essential roles in DNA synthesis and DNA methylation, and their metabolic pathways might thus affect disease susceptibility. In the present study, 2 polymorphisms were evaluated for a folate metabolic enzyme, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), and one was evaluated for methionine synthase (MS). The 2 polymorphisms, MTHFR677 C-->T and MTHFR1298 A-->C, are reported to reduce the enzyme activity, which causes intracellular accumulation of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and results in a reduced incidence of DNA double-strand breakage. The MS2756 A-->G polymorphism also reduces the enzyme activity and results in the hypomethylation of DNA. To evaluate the association between malignant lymphoma susceptibility and these polymorphisms, hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Aichi Cancer Center. Ninety-eight patients with histologically confirmed lymphoma and 243 control subjects without cancer were evaluated. Unconditional logistic regression analyses revealed a higher susceptibility with the MTHFR677 CC and the MTHFR1298 AA genotypes (odds ratio, 2.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-4.02) when those harboring at least one variant allele in either polymorphism of MTHFR were defined as the reference. For the MS polymorphism, the MS2756 GG genotype also showed a higher susceptibility (odds ratio, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.21-12.1) than those with MS2756 AA or AG types. The significance was not altered when these 3 polymorphisms were evaluated in combination, and the results suggest that folate and methionine metabolism play important roles in the occurrence of malignant lymphomas. Further studies to confirm the association and detailed biologic mechanisms are now required.

5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltran↗
PubMed2001

Dietary factors and lung cancer risk in Japanese: with special reference to fish consumption and adenocarcinomas.

To investigate risk modification for lung cancer with diet in Japanese, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study and evaluated variation in influence with the histological type. We recruited 367 male and 240 female cases with adenocarcinomas, and 381 male and 57 female cases with squamous cell and small cell carcinomas. Controls comprised 2964 male and 1189 female cancer-free outpatients matched for sex and age with the cases. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for lung cancer were calculated with adjustment for potential confounding factors, using an unconditional logistic model. We found decreased ORs for adenocarcinomas in both males (OR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.31-0.84) and females (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.24-0.94) who consumed cooked/raw fish, but not dried/salted fish at the highest quartile frequency, compared with the lowest. Soybean curd consumption was associated with a decreased OR for female adenocarcinomas. Decreased ORs for squamous cell and small cell carcinomas were observed in males with frequent consumption of raw and green vegetables, fruit and milk, but consumption of carrot, pumpkin, egg and coffee was associated with increased ORs. This study suggests cooked/raw fish consumption lowers the risk of adenocarcinoma of the lung in Japanese.

Adenocarcinoma↗