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Biomedical subjects

N D Carter

Publications and source records attributed to N D Carter.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: effects on calcium status and fetal growth.

In a double-blind trial of vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women calciferol (ergocalciferol, 1000 IU/day) was administered to 59 women and placebo to 67 controls during the last trimester. The two groups had similar distributions of maternal age, height, parity, number of vegetarians, countries of origin, and sex and gestation of the infants. At entry to the trial maternal serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations were low in both treatment and control groups and significantly lower in vegetarians than non-vegetarians. Mothers in the treatment group gained weight faster in the last trimester than those in the control group, and at term they and their infants all had adequate plasma 25-OHD concentrations, Mothers and infants in the control group, however, had low plasma concentrations of 25-OHD and calcium and raised plasma alkaline phosphatase (bone isoenzyme) activity. Five of these infants developed symptomatic hypocalcaemia. Almost twice as many infants in the control group were small for gestational age (29% v 15%), but there were no significant differences between the two groups of infants in antropometric measurements. Infants in the control group, however, had larger fontanelles, suggesting impaired ossification of the skull. Because of the benefits to mothers and infants in the treatment group and the absence of side effects, vitamin D supplements should be given to all pregnant Asian women in the United Kingdom.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1980

Vitamin D binding globulin levels and affinity in various clinical conditions.

The approximate association constants of the plasma vitamin D binding globulin (Gc-globulin) for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) and the plasma 25(OH)D3 binding capacities were measured in samples from 123 patients with a variety of disorders. No gross differences in binding affinities were observed between different groups of patients and controls. Many patients, however, had moderately reduced, and several had grossly reduced, plasma binding capacities. The changes in Gc-globulin relative to some other proteins are also described in detail in three patients during the course of their illness. Gc-globulin concentration and hence plasma vitamin D binding capacity can undergo rapid and marked changes during illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Association of glyoxalase I allotypes with Graves' disease and diabetes mellitus.

In view of the demonstrated linkage of glyoxalase I (GLO) with HLA, we studied the possible association of Graves' disease and juvenile diabetes with GLO allotypes. Both these diseases are known to show significant HLA associations. The distributions of the two GLO allotypes in the two disease groups were identical to those found in the control group.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed1980

Inherited variants of human red cell carbonic anhydrases.

The present state of knowledge concerning the genetic control of human red cell carbonic anhydrases I and II (CA I and CA II) is reviewed. A total of 25 electrophoretic variants, and one deficiency variant of CA I, and 7 electrophoretic variants of CA II have been discovered after screening a minimum of about 50,000 (CA I) and 39,000 (CA II) individual bloods from a variety of human populations. The amino acid substitution has been determined for 8 of the CA I variants and one of the CA II variants. Three previously undescribed variants of CA I (CA I Montreal-1, CA I Montreal-2, and CA I Montreal-3) and two new variants of CA II (CA II London and CA II Detroit) are reported. Three of the CA I variants (CA I Australia-1, CA I Bombay, and CA I Mindanao), and four of the CA II variants (CA II2, CA II Australia, CA II Bombay, and CA II Baniwa) were observed to occur at frequencies of greater than 1%; however, CA I Bombay, CA I Mindanao, CA II Bombay, and CA II Baniwa appear to be private polymorphisms limited to small populations. None of the electrophoretic variants, or the CA I deficiency variant, even in the homozygous state, appear to be associated with any clinical disorder. A defective form of CA I reported as possibly responsible for an inherited type of renal tubular acidosis has not been characterized sufficiently to exclude the possibility of secondary effects.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1979

Vitamin D binding globulin phenotypes in liver disease.

The binding properties towards vitamin D metabolites of plasma from individuals with the three common Gc-globulin phenotypes, Gc-1, Gc-2 and Gc-2-1, have been found to be identical. In patients with liver disease there is a good correlation between the levels of Gc-globulin andalbumin in plasma. In addition the Gc-globulin levels correlate well with the ability of plasma to bind 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Patients with the Gc-2-1 phenotype showed a significantly smaller depression in plasma Gc-globulin than those with the Gc-2 and Gc-1 phenotypes. The relation of these findings to the pathogenesis of disorders of calcium metabolism in liver disease is discussed.

Alpha-Globulins↗
PubMed1979

A study of human leukocyte D locus related antigens in Graves' disease.

An association between Graves' disease and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system has previously been reported. The disease was more strongly associated with the HLA D locus antigen Dw3 than with HLA B8. Products of the HLA D locus are determined by the interaction of test cells with standard typing lymphocytes, a technically difficult procedure. Recently, it has been possible to type serologically for D locus related (DRw) specificities on peripheral bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes. Blood B lymphocytes from 50 unrelated controls and 41 patients with Graves' disease were typed for seven HLA DRw specificities. 28 patients with Graves' disease (68%) were positive for DRw3, in contrast to 14 controls (28%); whereas only 21 patients (50%) were HLA B8 positive, compared with 13 (26%) controls. Thus, positivity for DRw3 afforded a relative risk for Graves' disease of 5.5, whereas that for HLA B8 amounted to 3.0. Additionally, a family with multiple cases of Graves' disease in which the disease was previously shown to be inherited with the haplotype, was linked to DRw2, which suggests that the susceptibility to the disease was inherited in association with that antigen. Two HLA B/glyoxalase recombination events were observed in this family; in both instances HLA DRw followed HLA B. This study thus demonstrates that the disease susceptibility gene for Graves' disease is in strong linkage disequilibrium with DRw3; however, it may be associated with other DRw specificities and inherited within family units in association with them.

Alleles↗
PubMed1978

Plasma vitamin D-binding globulin in vitamin D deficiency, pregnancy and chronic liver disease.

Plasma concentrations of vitamin D-binding globulin were measured by radial immunodiffusion in healthy subjects, pregnancy, and during oestrogen therapy. Subjects with disorders of vitamin D metabolism (dietary deficiency, malabsorption, anticonvulsant therapy, chronic liver disease) were also studied. Neither sex nor age influenced the plasma vitamin D-binding globulin concentration in healthy subjects, but there was a significant increase in concentration during pregnancy and oestrogen therapy. Elevated levels were found in vitamin D deficient elderly but not younger subjects, while levels in subjects with chronic liver disease were significantly reduced. Normal levels of vitamin D-binding globulin were present in hypervitaminosis D and no vitamin D-binding globulin was detected in human milk. No correlation was observed between plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels and plasma vitamin D-binding globulin concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Serum genetic markers in a Newfoundland isolate with a familial aggregate of Hodgkin's disease.

Inherited genetic markers on the immunoglobulins and three other serum proteins were investigated in members of an isolated Newfoundland community. The frequencies found were compared with those from Europe. Whilst the incidence of the commonest variant forms were typically 'European', the occurrence of rare phenotypes pointed towards specific admixture from American Indians and Scandinavia. A possible contribution of these rare alleles, and of others, to pathogenesis in a familial aggregate of Hodgkin's disease within this community is discussed.

Gene Frequency↗
PubMed1977

Vitamin-D metabolism in nephrotic syndrome.

Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol (25-OHD3) and vitamin-D-binding globulin (V.D.B.G.) were significantly reduced in ten nephrotic subjects. V.D.B.G., which is undetectable in normal urine, was present in substantial amounts in the urine of each nephrotic subject. Administration of 3H-labelled cholecalciferol to three subjects resulted in the rapid appearance of the labelled vitamin in the urine, mainly as the 25-hydroxylated metabolite bound to V.D.B.G. in amounts which could largely account for the low plasma-25-OHD3. The plasma half-life of 25-OHD3 was substantially reduced in the nephrotic syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Rapid diagnosis of thyroid disease using carbonic-anhydrase immunoassay.

Erythrocyte carbonic-anhydrase-I (C.A.I.) concentration was measured by radial immunodiffusion in 30 thyrotoxic patients and 15 myxoedemic patients, the results being compared with those found in a control group of 90 euthyroid individuals. In thyrotoxicosis the erythrocyte-C.A.I. concentration was found to be below 10-29 mg/g haemoglobin, whereas the normal range varied from 11-1 to 22-5 mg C.A.I./g Hb. Low values were found in 4 patients with triiodothyronine(T3)-toxicosis. In myxoedema, the mean erythrocyte-C.A.I. concentration, though elevated at 20-37 mg/g Hb, fell within the normal range. In pregnancy, the erythrocyte-C.A.I. concentration rose with time, the mean value at tern being 20-6 +/-S.D. 3-3 mg/g Hb. In a group of women taking oral contraceptives, a low erythrocyte-C.A.I. concentration was noted--an effect which was most obvious among those taking low-oestrogen contraceptives. It is suggested that erythrocyte-C.A.I. estimation provdes a rapid screening test for thyrotoxicosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Superoxide dismutase variants in Newfoundland--a gene from Scandinavia?

An electrophoretic survey of variant red cell enzyme phenotypes in an isolated community in Newfoundland gave gene frequencies in marked contrast to those found in the capital, St. John's. In particular, a variant of red cell superoxide dismutase (SOD) gave a high variant frequency. Possible origins of the variant SOD allele are discussed.

Alleles↗
PubMed1975

Haemoglobin A-2-NYU in a London population.

Electrophoresis of haemolysates from a population in London resulted in the detection of a variant of haemoglobin-A-2. Purification and characterisation of the variant globin revealed that this was a further example of haemoglobin A-2-NYU.

Female↗