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Biomedical subjects

N Campbell

Publications and source records attributed to N Campbell.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

A comparison of two transcutaneous monitors for the measurement of arterial PO2 and PCO2 in neonates.

We examined the ability of two transcutaneous devices (Fastrac, Sensormedics Corporation, Yorba Linda, California, U.S.A. and Hewlett Packard M1018A, Hewlett Packard Component Monitoring System, Hewlett Packard, North Hollywood, U.S.A.) to measure arterial PCO2 and PO2 in neonates. Thirty-seven neonates had transcutaneous oxygen measured with the Hewlett Packard (HPO2 group), 38 neonates had transcutaneous carbon dioxide measured with the Hewlett Packard (HPCO2 group) and the Fastrac was used on 27 neonates (FTCO2 group). Both devices were operated with electrode temperatures of 43.5 degrees C although an additional ten subjects were studied using the Fastrac with an electrode temperature of 43.0 degrees C. The mean differences (transcutaneous--arterial) and upper and lower limits of agreement were calculated for each group. For the HPO2 group they were 3.78 mmHg (-12.23 to 19.80 mmHg), for the HPCO2 group they were 0.40 mmHg (-4.50 to 5.30 mmHg) and for the FTCO2 they were -0.96 mmHg (-7.85 to 5.92 mmHg). For the Fastrac group at an electrode temperature of 43.0 degrees C the mean difference and limits of agreement were -1.00 mmHg and -4.58 mmHg to 2.58 mmHg. The average sensitivity and specificity for both machines for the detection of hypocarbia were 82% and 92% respectively while for hypercarbia they were 90% and 94% respectively. For hypoxaemia, the sensitivity and specificity were 40% and 94% while for hyperoxaemia the sensitivity and specificity were 83% and 97%. We conclude that both machines provide a useful supplement to arterial PCO2 measurements and the Fastrac performs better at 43.0 degrees C. The measurement of PO2 is less accurate but is still of clinical use.

Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous↗
PubMed1995

Mobilizing churches for health promotion in Latino communities: Compañeros en la Salud.

Compañeros en la Salud (Partners in Health) is a 3-year project funded by the National Cancer Institute to conduct a church-based health promotion program whose aim is to reduce the risk of breast, cervical, and diet-related cancers in Latino/Hispanic women by increasing their knowledge of preventive behaviors, motivating healthy behavior change, and increasing their access to and utilization of preventive health services. From a systems perspective, churches serve as miniature, dynamic communities that present an opportunity for developing and implementing a program of health promotion. An analysis of church, Promotora (peer health worker), and participant characteristics from the preintervention base-line data revealed a naturally occurring segmentation of churches by congregation size and denomination. The Catholic churches almost exclusively were larger, whereas the Protestant churches almost exclusively were smaller. An analysis of the psychosocial characteristics of the various Latino women, when stratified by church congregation size, revealed that the women from the smaller, Protestant churches were poorer, had a lower level of acculturation, and had lower lifetime rates of clinical breast examinations. These results suggested greater resource deficits and a relatively higher need for Promotora outreach services for women from the smaller, Protestant churches. Implications are presented for differential approaches to effective health promotion among various types of churches.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Early recurrent otitis media, language and central auditory processing in children.

The study examines the relationships that exist between early recurrent otitis media, language and central auditory processing in children. A retrospective case-control experimental design was employed and ten subjects were allocated to each of the two research groups, namely children with a history of early recurrent otitis media (research group 1) and children without a history of early recurrent otitis media (research group 2). The children in both research groups were in grade one and turning 7 years old. The language and central auditory processing of the subjects were assessed using the Clinical Evaluation of Language Function (Wiig & Semel, 1980) and the Willeford Battery of Central Auditory Function (Willeford, 1974). The results showed that the language and central auditory processing of the children with a history of early recurrent otitis media were significantly poorer than that of their disease-free peers. The results stress the importance of vigorous identification and management programmes for children with a history of early recurrent otitis media.

Audiometry↗
PubMed1994

Vaccination of sheep with purified cysteine proteinases of Fasciola hepatica decreases worm fecundity.

There has been some evidence from several parasite systems that proteinases might have potential as protective antigens against parasitic infection. A cysteine proteinase complex identified in the regurgitant of adult F. hepatica was examined in this context. The thiol-cathepsin-related proteinases of M(r) 28,000 were purified and tested in vaccine trials of sheep infected with liver fluke. Ten animals were immunised with the purified proteinases and developed antibodies to the cysteine proteinases prior to challenge with F. hepatica metacercariae. Infection appeared to cause a boost in antibody response by Week 4 into infection, and antibody levels were generally sustained throughout infection. The cysteine proteinases are not novel antigens, since low-level antibody titres were also detected in nonimmunised controls by late infection. On completion of the trial, there was no difference in worm burden between the two groups. However, faecal egg counts and therefore worm fecundity were significantly decreased.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Breast self-examination: knowledge and practices of Hispanic women in two southwestern metropolitan areas.

The breast self-examination (BSE) practices of 1,453 Hispanic women in Phoenix, Arizona and San Diego, California were the focus of this study. Variables proposed as factors that influence the frequency and proficiency of BSE were demographic variables, particularly language and level of acculturation, having been taught BSE by a health professional, and experience with the disease. Results indicate that even though the majority of the women at both the Phoenix (78.1%) and San Diego (83.7%) sites had been taught BSE by a professional and most women in Phoenix (62.5%) and San Diego (63.4%) reported performing BSE within the past month, only 0.7% of the women at both sites were found to be proficient in the technique of BSE. Further, results indicate that language and acculturation were correlated with whether or not a woman performed BSE. These findings suggest that BSE education classes must provide information and techniques that promote proficiency in BSE, and must be designed to meet the unique needs of Hispanic women, particularly those of low acculturation levels.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1994

The prevalence of suicidal behavior among preadolescent children who are psychiatric inpatients.

The prevalence of suicidal behavior displayed by preadolescent children hospitalized on inpatient psychiatric units is estimated to range between 18% and 80% of the population. The current study provides an independent estimate of the prevalence of this problem. A semistructured interview was used to assess suicidal behavior displayed by 61 admissions to a child psychiatric inpatient unit between April 1988 and September 1989. According to the Pfeffer Spectrum of Suicidal Behavior Scale, 63% of the sample engaged in some form of suicidal behavior. Preadolescents and their parents reported similar rates of suicidal thoughts, threats and attempts. The dangerousness of recent suicidal behavior was not found to differ by age, sex, legal custody status or socioeconomic status.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Oral treatment with low molecular weight heparin normalizes blood pressure in hypertensive rats.

Increased calcium uptake in vascular tissue, leading to elevated cytosolic free calcium has been implicated in the pathophysiology of hypertension. This study examined the effect of oral low molecular weight heparin (Logiparin) on systolic blood pressure, platelet cytosolic free calcium and aortic calcium uptake in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Starting at age 12 weeks, spontaneously hypertensive rats were divided into three groups of six animals each. The drinking water of groups 1, 2 and 3 was replaced by 100% H2O, 0.5 mg (low dose) or 1 mg (high dose) low molecular weight heparin/ml H2O, respectively, for next 11 weeks. Six normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (age 12 weeks) on H2O and six on low dose heparin in H2O were used as controls. At age 23 weeks, increase in systolic blood pressure, platelet cytosolic free calcium and aortic calcium uptake in spontaneously hypertensive rats was significantly lowered by low dose LMW heparin as compared to spontaneously hypertensive rats on H2O, but was significantly higher than Wistar-Kyoto rats on H2O and LMW heparin. This dose of heparin did not have any effect on these parameters in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. High dose LMW heparin normalized the elevated platelet cytosolic free calcium, aortic calcium uptake and systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats, but it had a limited effect on adverse renal vascular changes. Oral low molecular weight heparin did not cause any abnormal hematological, biochemical or pathological changes in rats.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Rumination: the eating disorder of infancy.

Rumination is a relatively rare, potentially fatal syndrome in infants. This article reviews the historical and current treatment of rumination. Two cases are presented: a six-month-old who narrowly escaped surgery when the disorder was not recognized, and a complicated case from the neonatology intensive care unit. Environmental changes and enhanced mothering are described as being critical to correction of rumination and appropriate weight gain.

Developmental Disabilities↗
PubMed1993

Plasma intestinal alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in neonates with bowel necrosis.

AIM: To determine if the intestinal isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are biochemical markers of bowel necrosis in neonates. METHODS: Plasma ALP isoenzymes were measured in 22 babies with bowel necrosis, histologically confirmed, and in 22 matched controls. The isoenzymes were also measured in 16 infants with signs of necrotising enterocolitis, who recovered without histological confirmation of bowel necrosis. The isoenzymes were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Auxiliary tests for identification included neuraminidase digestion and treatment with monoclonal and polyclonal antiplacental antibodies. RESULTS: Intestinal ALP was detected in 16 infants with bowel necrosis--13 had fetal intestinal ALP (FI-ALP) and three had adult intestinal ALP (AI-ALP). FI-ALP was detected in nine of the controls. In the babies with bowel necrosis intestinal ALP was found over all gestations, but in the controls only in those less than 34 weeks. The percentages of total ALP activity due to intestinal ALP were significantly higher in those with bowel necrosis compared with matched controls (p = 0.028). In babies of all gestations diagnostic sensitivity for the presence of intestinal ALP as a marker of bowel necrosis was 73% and diagnostic specificity 59%. In babies greater than 34 weeks' gestation, diagnostic sensitivity fell to 60% but the test became completely specific. In two babies FI-ALP increased from zero/trace to high activity coincident with the episode of bowel necrosis. In 16 babies with signs of necrotising enterocolitis but unconfirmed bowel necrosis FI-ALP was detected in four. CONCLUSION: Intestinal ALP seems to be released into the circulation in some babies with bowel necrosis, but its detection does not have the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity to be a reliable biochemical marker of the condition.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

Antenatal detection of renal abnormalities.

The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the value of routine ultrasonography in the detection of renal abnormalities. Twenty-nine pregnancies (one set of twins) with suspected renal abnormalities (i.e. renal cystic spaces, oligohydramnios or hyperechoic kidneys) were delivered over a two year period (1.8.1987-31-7-1989) in a unit where 90% of pregnancies (6,562) were scanned routinely at 18-20 weeks gestation or later, if booking for confinement was delayed. In pregnancies with suspected anomalies prenatal ultrasound was performed monthly until 28 weeks and fortnightly until delivery. Non survivors [5] had histological or postmortem examination. Liveborn infants [25] had renal ultrasonography in the neonatal period and paediatric follow-up if abnormal. Sixteen (53%) of the 30 cases (one set of twins) suspected of renal abnormalities by routine prenatal ultrasonography had renal anomalies confirmed postnatally. Five women were non survivors, all of which had associated anomalies. In the eleven survivors the diagnoses were pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction [6], renal dysplasia [2], vesicoureteric reflux [2] and suspected ureterocele [1]. Fourteen infants with pelvicalyceal dilatation had normal postnatal renal ultrasound. Although abnormal prenatal renal ultrasound is a useful indicator of postnatal disease and aids decisions on the management of pregnancy, further large collaborative studies with extended paediatric follow-up are required to assess the significance of pelvicalyceal dilatation.

Female↗
PubMed1991

Increased calcium uptake in vascular tissue by plasma of patients with essential hypertension.

Plasma factors have been implicated in causing increased calcium uptake and cytosolic (Ca++) in vascular tissue leading to hypertension. We compared the effect of plasma from hypertensive and normotensive subjects on rat aortic calcium uptake. Plasma from hypertensive subjects was fractionated and the fractions assessed for their activity on aortic calcium uptake. Aortic calcium uptake was significantly higher in plasma from hypertensives as compared to normotensives (p less than 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between diastolic blood pressure and aortic calcium uptake (r = 0.645; p = 0.002). There was a significant positive correlation between percentage ideal body weight and aortic calcium uptake in normotensives and hypertensives (r = 0.522; p less than 0.05). The calcium uptake stimulatory activity in plasma of hypertensives was found in nonesterified fatty acid and cholesterol ester fractions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Differences in cancer-risk-related behaviors in Latino and Anglo adults.

METHODS. Latino (n = 358) and Anglo (n = 113) adults living in the San Diego area were surveyed on nutrition, smoking, and cancer screening behaviors. The Latino respondents were dichotomized into a low (L-Latino) or high (H-Latino) acculturation group according to a median split of an acculturation index. RESULTS. After controlling for age, years of education, gender, marital status, and income, significant cross-cultural differences were found in saturated fat/cholesterol avoidance, and fiber and high calorie food consumption. L-Latino respondents had the lowest degree of saturated fat/cholesterol avoidance, followed by H-Latinos and Anglos. A pattern of decreasing consumption with increasing acculturation was observed for fiber and high calorie foods. Significant differences were found among women in the prevalence of Pap smear exams, with L-Latinas having the lowest prevalence of ever and in the past year having had a Pap smear, followed by H-Latinas and Anglos. A similar significant pattern was observed among women 50 years of age or older with respect to the prevalence of ever having had a mammogram.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage: I. Changing pattern in inborn low-birth-weight infants.

Many reports of the occurrence of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PVH-IVH) are biased by the inclusion of both inborn and outborn infants. To obviate this selection bias we examined a large inborn population of low-birth-weight infants to determine if the incidence of PVH-IVH changed over a 3-year interval from March, 1982 through February, 1985. Serial cranial ultrasonography was performed in 463 consecutive infants of birth weight less than or equal to 1500 g who survived for more than 8 h. The incidence of PVH-IVH decreased from 31.5% and 29.3% in years 1 and 2, respectively, to 23.7% in year 3 (P less than 0.05). The latter reflected a fall in the incidence of grades III and IV PVH-IVH, but no change in the incidence of grades I and II. This observation was not attributable to changes in mortality, the distribution of infants by birth weight and estimated gestational age in each year of the study, or infants excluded from the analysis. Contrary to most reports, 21.9% of all PVH-IVH during the 3 years were first diagnosed after 14 days postnatal age and were predominantly grade I. These results document not only a change in the epidemiology of PVH-IVH in an inborn population, but also the importance of serial cranial ultrasonography beyond the first week of life.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1990

Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage: II. Risk factor analysis in an inborn population.

The ability to predict the occurrence of neonatal periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PVH-IVH) would be useful in the design of clinical trials to prevent its occurrence. Therefore, data were collected from 463 consecutive infants less than or equal to 1500 g birth weight delivered between March 1, 1982 and February 28, 1985. This large population made it feasible to divide the infants into two groups, using one group to develop a model predictive of ICH and the second group to test the validity of the model. Infants were randomly grouped by sex, race, gestational age, birth weight, month of birth, mortality, and incidence and grade of worst PVH-IVH. In Group A (n = 232), respiratory distress syndrome, ventilator therapy, PaCO2 greater than or equal to 60 mmHg, PO2 less than or equal to 40 mmHg greater than or equal to 2 h, lower 1- and 5-min Apgar scores, lower pediatric estimation of gestational age, and pneumothorax were significantly associated with PVH-IVH by univariant analyses (chi 2, P less than 0.03). Multivariant discriminant analysis performed on Group A revealed that pneumothorax, cesarean section, PaCO2, and ventilator therapy were most predictive of PVH-IVH, but sensitivity was 55% and specificity 78%. Applying the model to Group B, sensitivity decreased to 21% while specificity rose to 93%. Logistic regression, which takes into account non-normally distributed variables, did not improve predictability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Apgar Score↗