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Biomedical subjects

N Berend

Publications and source records attributed to N Berend.

88 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Combined cholinergic antagonist and beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist bronchodilator therapy by inhalation.

The bronchodilator effects of 40 microgram ipratropium bromide (I) and 400 microgram fenoterol (F) by pressurised aerosol and both drugs in combination were compared with placebo (P) in a double-blind study in eight patients with chronic, partially reversible airways obstruction. The four treatments were (1) IP, (2) PF, (3) IF and (4) PP, with the second aerosol administered two hours after the first. Both drugs produced significant bronchodilatation for five hours, the response being greater and more rapid in onset with fenoterol. Both drugs in combination (IF) produced significant additive bronchodilatation from three to six hours after fenoterol. This additive effect may have been due to the improved lung function caused by ipratropium bromide and does not imply a synergistic effect. There were no side-effects reported. The results suggest that both ipratropium bromide and fenoterol are effective bronchodilating agents in patients with chronic asthma.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica.

The clinical, pathological and physiological features of two patients suffering from tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) are described. Unequivocal evidence of extrapulmonary airways obstruction was not able to be obtained by lung function testing, despite extensive central airway involvement in both patients. TO is a rare condition of which there is only one other clinical report from this country. As the bronchoscopic appearance may closely resemble that of endobronchial neoplasms, TO should be remembered in the differential diagnosis of patients with haemoptysis.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Relationship between bronchial and arterial diameters in normal human lungs.

In order to find an objective method for measuring narrowing of small airways, eight lungs from four people without lung disease were inflated and fixed at 25 cm of water pressure. Eight to nine blocks were taken at random from each of six parasaggital slices from each lung, sectioned, and stained. The size of the bronchioles (airways without cartilage) in relation to their accompanying arteries was determined. The internal bronchiolar diameter was compared with three different arterial diameters (the internal, external medial, and external adventitial). The ratio of the internal bronchiolar diameter to the external adventitial arterial diameter was constant between lungs (0.62 +/- 0.02) and independent of the method of inflation or the position within the lungs. This ratio may provide a useful index of bronchiolar narrowing in disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Correlation between the function and structure of the lung in smokers.

To study the relationship between morphologic changes and alteration of lung function, the excised lobes of 21 smokers and one nonsmoker who required lobectomy for small peripheral tumors were inflated and fixed in formalin, and measurements of bronchiolar narrowing and degree of emphysema were made. All patients had comprehensive pulmonary function tests (including diffusing characteristics, the single-breath N2 test, measurements of elastic recoil, and flow-volume measurements with air and helium) performed before lobectomy. Eight of the lobes excised from the smokers had emphysema of grade 15 or more, the greatest being grade 50. Lobes from 11 patients had evidence of airway narrowing. There were 6 lobes with both emphysema and airway narrowing. Pulmonary function was abnormal in some aspect in all lobes except that from the nonsmoker. Whereas the tests of diffusing capacity, particularly the fractional uptake of CO, correlated with the degree of emphysema, the tests of elastic recoil were not predictive of this early degree of emphysema. The degree of small-airway narrowing correlated with maximal mid-expiratory flow rate and the single-breath N2 test. The maximal flow/static recoil pressure curves were the most sensitive indicators of airway abnormality in the patients with emphysema.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Plasma and saliva concentrations for a new formulation of erythromycin stearate.

Erythromycin saliva and plasma concentrations were determined in 10 subjects after the first and fourth doses of a new formulation of erythromycin stearate ('Erythrocin'), 500 mg 8-hourly, taken immediately before food. Consistent absorption occurred and the steady state plasma levels compared favourably with the minimal inhibitory concentrations of erythromycin for common respiratory pathogens. There was a significant positive correlation between steady state saliva and plasma levels.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1979

Arrest of alveolar multiplication in kyphoscoliosis.

A detailed morphometric study of the lungs of an adult patient with severe kyphoscoliosis of childhood onset is reported. The number of alveoli was less than the normal adult range and corresponded to the predicted values for a 12-month-old infant. This may have been a result of both premature cessation of alveolar multiplication as well as alveolar atrophy. The alveolar size was larger than normal suggesting that after cessation of alveolar multiplication further lung growth occurred by an excessive increase in alveolar size.

Female↗
PubMed1978

Salbutamol by pressure-packed aerosol and by intermittent positive pressure ventilation in chronic obstructive bronchitis.

The forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) response to salbutamol administered by pressure-packed aerosol 200 microgram, and intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), 5 and 10 mg, was determined in 60 patients with chronic bronchitis with airway obstruction. The bronchodilator response to salbutamol by IPPV was greater than by pressure-packed aerosol only in patients with severe airways obstruction and little additional benefit was gained with the 10 mg dose.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1978

Assessment of combined oral theophylline and inhaled beta-adrenoceptor agonist bronchodilator therapy.

1. The bronchodilator effects of 500 microgram rimiterol by pressurized aerosol, 375 mg oral theophylline and both drugs in combination were compared in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in eight patients with chronic, partially reversible airways obstruction. 2. The four treatments were (i) oral theophylline, placebo aerosol (TP); (ii) oral placebo, rimiterol aerosol (PR); (iii) oral theophylline, rimiterol aerosol (TR) and; (iv) oral placebo, placebo aerosol (PP). The aerosol was administered 2 h after the oral treatment. 3. Significant bronchodilatation (% FEV1 change from control) compared to PP occurred with TP from 60 to 480 min and with TR from 60 to 300 min, whereas with PR only for 45 min (P less than 0.05). 4. The mean, peak % FEV1 increases from control were 51.8% at 125 min, 31.7% at 125 min, 26.1% at 210 min and 0.9% at 30 min for TR, PR, TP and PP respectively. 5. At 125 min (5 min after aerosol inhalation) the mean % FEV1 change from control with TR (51.8%) Was significantly greater than with PR (31.7%), TP (22.2%) (P less than 0.05) and PP (-2.4%) (P less than 0.01). 6. The mean, peak plasma theophylline levels were 10.19 microgram/ml at 120 min and 9.98 microgram/ml at 180 min with TR and TP respectively. Theophylline half-life ranged between 4.3 and 12.5 h (mean +/- s.e. mean, 8.0 +/- 0.8 h). 7. Additive bronchodilatation was produced when rimiterol was administered with theophylline at a time when therapeutic plasma theophylline levels were achieved.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Characterization of beta-adrenoceptor subtype mediating the metabolic actions of salbutamol.

1. The following four intravenous treatments were administered in a balanced, randomized, Latin square design to four healthy volunteers: (1) saline injection (10 min); salbutamol infusion (0.15 microgram kg-1 min-1 for 60 min) (sS), (2) propranolol injection (0.3 mg kg-1 for 10 min); salbutamol infusion (pS), (3) practolol injection (2 mg kg-1 for 10 min); salbutamol infusion (PS) and (4) saline injection; saline infusion (ss). 2. Heart rate was recorded and venous blood taken for estimation of insulin, glucose and potassium before and after each injection (0 and 12-15 min) and at various times during the infusion (30,45,60 and 75 min). 3. The mean, peak % heart rate changes from baseline, control were +65.8%, +23.0%, -10.9% and -12.1%, the mean, peak % glucose changes, +61.0%, +7.1%, +3.6% and +6.9%, and the mean, peak % insulin changes, +298%, +28%, -28% and -43% during the infusions for sS, PS, ss and pS respectively. 4. The mean serum potassium levels before the injections and at the completion of the infusions were 3.98 and 3.08 4.03 and 3.63, 4.07 and 4.15, and 4.03 and 4.13 meq/l for sS, PS, ss and pS respectively. 5. Propanolol completely abolished the cardiac and metabolic responses of salbutamol. 6. Practolol produced only partial cardiac beta-adrenoceptor blockade, but completely inhibited the metabolic actions of salbutamol.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The effects of smoking on the lungs.

The literature relating to tobacco smoking has been reviewed and is discussed under a number of headings. The smoking habits of Australians and people of other countries, the constituents of tobacco smoke and the different types of tobacco are discussed. The effects of tobacco smoke on lung defences and and function are outlined and the evidence relating cigarette smoking to lung cancer in Australia, the UK and the USA is reviewed. The relationship between cigarette smoking and diseases which chronic air flow obstruction is outlined. Differences in smoking-related diseases in males and females and the effects of stopping smoking are included in the discussion.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Histamine and carbachol contractile responses in proximal and distal airways of the rabbit.

Airway preparations from the trachea, main bronchi, subsegmental bronchi and the parenchyma of rabbits were studied. The proximal airways, the trachea and main bronchi, were less sensitive to histamine than the distal airways of the subsegmental bronchi and lung parenchymal strip. The proximal airways were more sensitive to carbachol than the distal airways. These results may assist in the interpretation of airway responses in vivo.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The lung parenchymal strip as a model of peripheral airway responsiveness.

Twenty-four patients scheduled for surgery for carcinoma of the lung were challenged with inhaled methacholine. A greater than 20% fall in the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was recorded in nine of these patients. The PD20 (dose of methacholine producing a 20% fall in FEV1) values ranged from 0.6 to 5.6 mumol methacholine. Following surgery, lung tissue was prepared as lung parenchymal strips for in vitro studies. There was no correlation between in vivo airway responsiveness to methacholine (PD20) and in vitro sensitivity as measured by the EC50 (the concentration of agonist producing half the maximal tension [Tmax]) for carbachol (r = -0.17; n = 16) or histamine (r = 0.23; n = 24). The variation in in vivo and in vitro responsiveness was not due to the presence of inflammatory cells in the peripheral lung tissue. Of the 38 lung parenchymal strips studied with histamine, 17 demonstrated a variable relaxation response at low concentrations followed by contraction at higher concentrations. The presence or absence of this relaxation response could not be explained in terms of variable proportions of airway or vascular smooth muscle.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of the slope of phase III of the single breath nitrogen test.

To assess whether the slope of phase III of the single breath nitrogen (SB-N2) test correlates better with inhomogeneity of the elastic properties within a lung or with peripheral airway inflammation, pressure-volume (PV) curves and SB-N2 tests were performed in 28 excised human lungs, including 11 emphysema-free and 17 emphysematous lungs. The degrees of emphysema and membranous as well as respiratory bronchiolar inflammation were graded in a semi-quantitative manner. The PV curves were analysed using an exponential curve fit, yielding the exponent K which is proportional to total incremental compliance. In the 11 emphysema-free lungs, the slope of phase III was significantly correlated with K, when both age (p less than 0.05) and bronchiolar inflammation scores (p less than 0.01) were held constant. On the other hand, the slope of phase III correlated less favourably with the bronchiolar inflammation scores when age was held constant and was not significantly correlated with the bronchiolar inflammation scores when K was held constant. In the emphysematous lungs alone, or when the emphysema-free and emphysematous lungs were pooled, these correlations disappeared. In 23 smoking subjects, the slope of phase III was also significantly correlated with K (r = 0.72; p less than 0.001). We conclude that in emphysema-free lungs the slope of phase III is better correlated with the overall elastic properties of the lungs than with bronchiolar inflammation, and we speculate that increases in K, implying a greater overall curvature of the PV relationship, reflect increasing inhomogeneity of elastic properties within a lung, rather than a uniform change affecting individual lung units equally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗