Job loss and first pregnancy in young women.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
N Beale
Publications and source records attributed to N Beale.
Job-loss and morbidity in married men with and without young children.
The data resulting from a longitudinal study of the consequences of threatened and eventual job-loss on health in industrial employees was examined in order to analyse the influence of family size. When the risk factor of age was eliminated, no difference was found in the use made of health services by married men with at least two dependent children aged under 16 years and those with no dependent children. However, the wives of men with no dependent children consulted at a significantly higher rate than the wives of men with dependent children in the period when their husbands faced and then underwent job-loss.
Adult↗
Job-loss and morbidity: the influence of job-tenure and previous work history.
As part of a longitudinal study on the consequences of job-loss on health the modifying influence of job-tenure on a group of factory workers made redundant when a meat products factory closed was examined. The older workers, both men and women, were divided into two groups which were comparable in all respects except for job-tenure. Statistically significant differences in morbidity were found when comparing the two groups of male employees and their families.However, the men with longer job-tenure (mean 30 years) had, with few exceptions, served the company since leaving school. All of the other men (mean job-tenure 11 years) had previously worked elsewhere or been unemployed. The uptake of medical services before and after factory closure was therefore compared in two groups of workers and their families. One group who had previous experience of the job market showed a significant rise in morbidity only during the unsettling three years before factory closure. The other group, whose working lives had been spent wholly with the company, showed only a slight anticipatory effect but then demonstrated statistically significant increases in consultation rates after job-loss. Three years later they still showed no signs of adapting to their situation.The results suggest that previous experience of having no job or of having to change jobs may be just as influential as job tenure on the outcome of health before and after compulsory redundancy.
Adult↗
Job-loss and health--the influence of age and previous morbidity.
Analysis of data on morbidity in a group of factory workers shows a significant increase when these workers are threatened with and subsequently made redundant. The influence of increasing age and of low prior morbidity are shown to be detrimental to the health of both male and female employees. When these risk factors are combined these employees show a 150% increase in the number of consultations, a 70% increase in the number of episodes of illness, a 160% increase in the number of referrals to hospital outpatient departments and a 200% increase in the number of attendances at outpatient departments.These changes occur two years before actual job-loss when the workers learn that their employee is in financial difficulty and their jobs are in jeopardy.It is suggested that older employees demonstrate greater stress because of their poor re-employment prospects and reduced adaptability. It is also suggested that existing differences in consulting tendency might represent differing levels of work attachment among the employees - the low consulters being most strongly oriented towards their jobs and therefore suffering the greater loss when made redundant.
Adult↗
Job-loss and morbidity in a group of employees nearing retirement age.
As part of a study of the morbidity of a group of workers made redundant from a meat products factory, the health of employees nearing retirement has been investigated. Consultations, episodes of illness and referrals to and attendances at hospital outpatient departments were recorded annually as the indices of morbidity. With the threat of redundancy a significant increase in morbidity was noted for the male employees but not for the female employees. It is suggested that these men adapt less easily to redundancy than the women.
England↗
Job-loss and family morbidity: a study of a factory closure.
A controlled, longitudinal study was performed to investigate the consequences of unemployment on health. A significant increase in morbidity was demonstrated in the families of 129 workers (80 men and 49 women) made redundant when a factory manufacturing meat products closed. A significant increase was also found when the employees themselves were studied as a separate group. The decline in health began when, two years prior to job-loss, the management intimated that production might have to cease. In the four years after this news, consultation rates in the study group showed a highly significant increase. Both referrals to and attendances at hospital outpatient departments also increased significantly. The results suggest that the threat of redundancy is a stress which is equal to, if not greater than, the actual event. Extrapolation from these findings implies an increase in work-load and cost for the National Health Service directly attributable to a rising unemployment rate.
England↗