Dynamic cerebral processes underlying emotion regulation.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Affect↗
Biomedical subjects
N A Fox
Publications and source records attributed to N A Fox.
The psychology and psychobiology of relationships. Introduction.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Affect↗
Definitions and concepts of emotion regulation. Introduction.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Emotions↗
Being alone, playing alone, and acting alone: distinguishing among reticence and passive and active solitude in young children.
3 forms of solitude were studied in young children--reticence (onlooker and unoccupied behavior), solitary-passive behavior (solitary-constructive and -exploratory play), and solitary-active behavior (solitary-functional and -dramatic play). 48 4-year-old children grouped in quartets of same-sex unfamiliar peers were observed in several situations. Mothers completed the Colorado Temperament Inventory. Results indicated that (1) solitary-passive, solitary-active, and reticent behaviors were nonsignificantly intercorrelated; (2) reticence was stable and associated with the demonstration of anxiety and hovering near others, whereas solitary-passive and solitary-active play were stable yet unrelated to anxiety and hovering; (3) reticence during free play was generally associated with poor performance and displays of wariness in several other social situations, while solitary-passive and -active play were not; (4) reticence was associated with maternal ratings of child shyness, while solitary-active behavior was associated with maternal ratings of impulsivity. Results are discussed in terms of the underlying mechanisms associated with reticence and passive and active withdrawal.
Anxiety↗
Infantile amnesia: through a glass darkly.
Memory for former preschool classmates was examined in 9- and 10-year-old children using measures of both explicit and implicit memory. Yes-no recognition of faces was at low levels but was significantly above chance. Skin conductance data showed similarly low but above-chance differentiation between classmates and controls. A median split of children based on their recognition memory scores showed that children with little evidence of explicit memory for classmates were as likely to show differential skin conductance responding to faces of former classmates as were children with higher recognition scores. Infantile amnesia, like the clinical syndrome for which it is named, may not always involve complete loss of encoded information.
Amnesia↗
The first 100 cases: a personal audit of orthodontic treatment assessed by the PAR (peer assessment rating) index.
The first 100 consecutively started cases treated by a specialist registrar in orthodontics were examined and pre- and post-study models were scored using the peer assessment rating (PAR) index. The PAR index proved both simple and reproducible to use: 92 cases had post-treatment records available, 91 patients registered a drop in PAR score, and one patient registered an increase. Of these 92 patients, 38 (41%) were greatly improved, 43 (47%) were improved, and 11 (12%) were made worse or no different (ie they failed to achieve a 30% drop in PAR score). Of the factors examined, only the appliance type used was significantly related to PAR score change. Of the 11 cases apparently made worse, individual examination revealed that four of these represented beneficial occlusal changes but due to limited treatment goals they did not register as improved using the PAR index according to previously agreed criteria. The PAR index measures 'good tooth position' which, although very important, is not the only factor in orthodontic treatment. The use of the PAR index to detect 'good' and 'bad' orthodontic treatment is not without problems. Its use in mixed dentition and adjunctive orthodontic treatments may not always be appropriate.
Adolescent↗
Electroencephalogram asymmetry during emotionally evocative films and its relation to positive and negative affectivity.
The purpose of the present study was to determine if there were differences in hemispheric lateralization during the experience of emotions and if those differences were related to personality style. College-age adult subjects selected for high positive and negative affectivity on Tellegen's Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ; Tellegen, 1982) viewed video stimuli selected for their emotionally evocative nature and rated the intensity of the emotions they experienced. The ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded while they watched the video clips. Analyses of the EEG data revealed that there were differences in regional activation during the emotional video clips, especially for those stimuli selected to elicit either happy or disgust emotions. These results support the hypothesis that the right hemisphere is specialized for the experience of certain negative affects, whereas the left hemisphere is specialized for the experience of certain positive affects. The findings also indicated some support for the theory that individual differences in personality style are related to differing levels of hemispheric arousal.
Adolescent↗
An easily removable ceramic bracket?
The use of ceramic brackets in fixed appliance orthodontics has highlighted several problems, amongst which are the problems of enamel damage and possible trauma to the patient during debonding. A ceramic bracket has recently been developed with a polycarbonate laminated base (Ceramaflex) claiming to make debond much easier, although there are no independent data to substantiate this claim. The in-vitro bond strength of these ceramic brackets to enamel was tested and compared with metal standard Edgewise brackets. The bond produced with the Ceramaflex bracket was similar in magnitude, but less reliable. No fracture of the bracket or damage to enamel was seen during debonding. Debonding of these brackets was easy to carry out, but it is possible that more debonds may occur during treatment than with the use of metal brackets.
Adhesives↗
The relations between frontal brain electrical activity and cognitive development during infancy.
The relations between changes in the scalp-recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) and the development of the ability to perform successfully 2 cognitive tasks attributed to frontal lobe functioning were examined in 13 infants from 7 to 12 months of age. Infants successful in performing the A-not-B task with increasingly longer delays across the second half of the first year of life showed changes in power in scalp-recorded brain electrical activity in the frontal region and an increase in anterior/posterior EEG coherence. Infants with rapid mastery of object retrieval did not differ in frontal EEG development from infants who exhibited the normal developmental progression in object retrieval performance. In a task examining inhibition of reaching to a novel toy, there were no differences in frontal EEG as a function of performance. Results from a cross-sectional sample revealed similar findings. These data confirm work with nonhuman primates on the importance of maturation of frontal cortex in the successful performance on certain tasks (A-not-B), but do not confirm nonhuman primate data on the importance of frontal cortex for other tasks (object retrieval). The data also suggest that the electroencephalogram may be useful as a noninvasive measure of central nervous system development during the first year of life.
Brain↗
The relations among infant temperament, security of attachment, and behavioral inhibition at twenty-four months.
The purpose of this study was to examine the relations among infant temperament, attachment, and behavioral inhibition. 52 infants were seen at 2 days, 5, 14, and 24 months of age. Assessments were made of temperament at 2 days and 5 months of age, and attachment and behavioral inhibition were assessed at 14 and 24 months, respectively. EKG was recorded at each assessment, and measures of heart period and vagal tone were computed. Distress to pacifier withdrawal at 2 days of age was related to insecure attachment at 14 months. 2 types of distress reactivity at 5 months, reactivity to frustration and reactivity to novelty, were identified and related to high vagal tone. Attachment classification at 14 months was directly related to inhibited behavior at 24 months. Infants classified as insecure/resistant were more inhibited than those classified as insecure/avoidant. In addition, an interaction of infant reactivity to frustration and attachment classification was found to predict inhibition at 24 months. Infants classified as insecure/resistant and who had not cried to the arm restraint procedure at 5 months were the most inhibited at 24 months. These findings are discussed in terms of hypotheses regarding multiple modes of distress reactivity and regulation in early infancy and their different social and behavioral outcomes.
Child Behavior↗
If it's not left, it's right. Electroencephalograph asymmetry and the development of emotion.
Recent studies suggest that an initial component involving stimulus evaluation may precede subsequent steps in the generation of emotion. This article presents a model for the development of emotion that involves an initial decision of approach or withdrawal, which results in motor programs, including facial expression, that facilitate either approach or withdrawal. With development, more complex emotions arise, as products of these basic initial responses and interaction with the environment. Evidence is presented that suggests that there are brain asymmetries (as measured by scalp recorded EEG activity) localized to the frontal region that are associated with the generation of emotion in infants. Variability in the pattern of EEG asymmetry between infants may be an important marker of differences in temperament.
Cerebral Cortex↗
Bond strengths of orthodontic bonding materials: an in-vitro study.
The shear bond strength of a conventional composite resin was compared in-vitro with the bond strength of a fluoride releasing composite and a glass ionomer cement. The results obtained showed that the conventional composite had the highest mean bond strength. The results were also analysed using the Weibull analysis which examines bond reliability rather than mean bond strength. It is likely that the two composites will behave in a similar manner in the clinical situation.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Attachment to mother/attachment to father: a meta-analysis.
An important tenet of attachment theory is that classification of security or insecurity as derived from the Strange Situation reflects the quality of an infant's relationship with its caregiver. One piece of evidence supporting this claim is the lack of concordance of classification between an infant and its mother and father. We performed a meta-analysis of the 11 studies that have examined the concordance of mother/father attachment to an infant. We found that security of attachment to one parent was dependent upon security to the other parent, that type of insecurity (avoidant/resistant) to one parent was dependent upon type of insecurity to the other, and that subcategory classification within the secure category (B1B2/B3B4) to one parent was dependent upon subcategory classification to the other. These data raise important questions regarding the meaning of infant attachment classification as derived from the Strange Situation. Among the possible explanations for the pattern of data are existence of concordant parenting styles and/or influence of infant temperament (possibly the tendency to cry upon separation) on classification of security/insecurity in the Strange Situation.
Child↗
Electrophysiological indices of frontal lobe development. Relations to cognitive and affective behavior in human infants over the first year of life.
Over the past 8 years we have been involved in a study of the psychophysiological correlates of cognitive and affective behaviors during the first year of life. We have utilized recordings of brain electrical activity (the EEG) to describe differences in regional activation as well as, more recently, changes in regional connectivity. Our studies have indicated an important role for the frontal region in the expression of positive and negative emotions and in the regulation of emotional distress. In addition, individual differences in frontal EEG maturation seem to be associated with improved performance on tasks known to involve specific regions of frontal cortex. The corroborative data from different areas of study (studies of brain-damaged adults; studies of lesions in nonhuman primates) give us confidence that our measures of regional electrical activity are indeed reflecting true brain processes. Our continuing task is to understand the skills that are involved in these complex behaviors (such as AB performance or expression of affect) so as to better understand these important brain-behavior relationships.
Aging↗
Fluoride release from orthodontic bonding materials. An in vitro study.
Decalcification of enamel continues to be a problem with fixed orthodontic appliances. An orthodontic bonding composite is now available which claims to release fluoride, although there are no data to substantiate this claim. Fluoride release from this new material (DIRECT) was measured and compared with two other orthodontic bonding materials. The amount of fluoride released was very small and unlikely to have a therapeutic effect.
Color↗
'The position of the inferior dental canal and its relation to the second molar'.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Humans↗
The position of the inferior dental canal and its relation to the mandibular second molar.
Five hundred dental panoramic tomograms of patients over the age of 17 years were examined and any radiographic relationship of the mandibular second molar to the inferior dental canal noted. The position of the inferior dental canal within the mandible was also noted and compared with previous studies. In the population examined, 2% of mandibular second molars were radiographically related to the inferior dental canal and this was 2.5 times more common in women. The importance of the close proximity of the inferior dental nerve to the apex when root filling or extracting this tooth is considered.
Adolescent↗
Infant response to frustrating and mildly stressful events: a positive look at anger in the first year.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Anger↗