Biomedical subjects

Minna Hakkarainen

Publications and source records attributed to Minna Hakkarainen.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Developments in multiple headspace extraction.

This paper reviews new developments in multiple headspace extraction (MHE), especially its combination with two miniaturized extraction techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and single-drop microextraction (SDME). The combination of the techniques broadens the applicability of SPME and SDME to quantitative determination of analytes in complex liquid and solid matrixes. These new methods offer several advantages over traditional liquid-solid, liquid-liquid and headspace extraction techniques. The potential applications include extraction of volatiles and semivolatiles from environmental and physiological samples and from different polymer products such as medical and biomedical materials, food packaging and building materials. The theoretical principals of the techniques are also briefly reviewed.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed2006

Finalizing the properties of porous scaffolds of aliphatic polyesters through radiation sterilization.

Porous scaffolds made of various L,L-lactide (LLA), 1,5-dioxepane-2-one (DXO) and epsilon-caprolactone (CL) copolymers were sterilized by EB- and gamma-irradiation. Differences in the comonomers, composition and the microstructure of the starting materials were used to influence the degradation mechanism and susceptibility towards irradiation and by this means to achieve sterilized scaffolds with predicted end-properties. The chemical changes and the formation of low-molecular-weight products were determined by SEC, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The degradation mechanism changed from random chain scission to cross-linking depending on the choice of monomers, the copolymer composition and the monomer sequences. Copolymerization of LLA with small amounts of CL or DXO increased the stability compared to that of the LLA homopolymer. Changing DXO to CL in a LLA copolymer also increased the stability. The type of radiation and the microstructure of the copolymer chains determined which of the monomer sequences were more prone to degrade. The most abundant low-molecular-weight product identified after sterilization was DXO monomer. Traces of LLA and CL monomers were also identified. Modification of the copolyester microstructure changed the degradation mechanism and the susceptibility towards irradiation. This allows the use of radiation sterilization to finalize the scaffold properties.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed2005

Multiple headspace single-drop microextraction-a new technique for quantitative determination of styrene in polystyrene.

Single-drop microextraction (SDME), an emerging miniaturised extraction technique, was for the first time combined with multiple headspace extraction (MHE) to enable the quantitative determination of volatiles in solid matrixes by SDME technique. The concept of multiple headspace single-drop microextraction (MHS-SDME) was then applied for quantitative determination of styrene in polystyrene (PS) samples. Good linearity for the multiple headspace extraction was obtained when the migration of styrene was facilitated by grinding the samples and incubating them for 1 h at 150 degrees C prior the first extraction. Two microlitres of butyl acetate was used as the single-drop microextraction solvent and the extraction time was 5 min per cycle. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for single-drop microextraction of styrene standard at n=6 was 7.6%. Linearity was shown for styrene concentrations between 0.005 and 0.75 microg/ml (R2=0.999). This corresponds to total amount of styrene between 0.1 and 15 microg. The limit of quantitation for styrene standard at S/N 10 was 0.005 microg/ml. The developed method was validated against and showed good agreement with an earlier reported dissolution-precipitation method.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗

PubMed2004

Correlation between emitted and total amount of 2-cyclopentyl-cyclopentanone in polyamide 6.6 allows rapid assessment by HS and HS-SPME under non-equilibrium conditions.

A correlation was found between the emitted and total amount of 2-cyclopentyl-cyclopentanone in polyamide 6.6. The emitted amounts were measured by GC-MS after headspace (HS) or headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and the total content was determined after microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The correlation was valid also under non-equilibrium conditions, which allows rapid assessment of 2-cyclopentyl-cyclopentanone content in polyamide 6.6 by headspace techniques. The incubation time needed for non-equilibrium headspace analysis could be reduced from 5 h to 45 min if the PA66 granules were milled to powder prior to extraction. However, to reach equilibrium between the analyte in the solid sample and the headspace still required 12 h of incubation at 80 degrees C. The long incubation time is explained by slow diffusion rate due to the strong hydrogen bonding between analyte and matrix and the relatively high crystallinity of polyamide 6.6. The headspace extraction profile showed several equilibrium-like patterns that are easily mistaken for the real equilibrium.

Cyclopentanes↗

PubMed2004

Multiple headspace solid-phase microextraction of 2-cyclopentyl-cyclopentanone in polyamide 6.6: possibilities and limitations in the headspace analysis of solid hydrogen-bonding matrices.

The interactions between a polar analyte, 2-cyclopentyl-cyclopentanone, and a solid polar matrix, polyamide 6.6, during multiple headspace solid-phase microextraction (MHS-SPME) were studied. Strong hydrogen bonding between the analyte and the matrix was observed and shown to cause slow migration and adsorption of the analyte. These matrix effects led to erroneous quantitation despite the use of multiple headspace extraction. Addition of water disrupted the hydrogen bonding between the analyte and the matrix and a valid quantitation was achieved. The addition of water also increased the sensitivity and allowed the identification of 2,5-bis(cyclopentyl)-1-cyclopentanone. The amount of 2-cyclopentyl-cyclopentanone in five different polyamide 6.6 samples was measured using the developed multiple headspace solid-phase microextraction method with water-displacer. The measured concentrations were in the range of 1.44-15.61 microg/g. These concentrations were up to 30% higher than the concentrations measured after microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), which indicates incomplete recovery by MAE. The use of water as a displacer eliminated the matrix effects and complete recovery of the analyte was achieved by MHS-SPME.

Cyclopentanes↗

PubMed2004

Development of a solid-phase extraction method for simultaneous extraction of adipic acid, succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol formed during hydrolysis of poly(butylene adipate) and poly(butylene succinate).

A solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the simultaneous extraction of dicarboxylic acids and diols formed during hydrolysis of poly(butylene succinate), PBS, and poly(butylene adipate), PBA. Four commercial non-polar SPE columns, three silica based: C8, C18, C18 (EC), and one resin based: ENV+, were tested for the extraction of succinic acid, adipic acid and 1,4-butanediol, the expected final hydrolysis products of PBS and PBA. ENV+ resin was chosen as a solid-phase, because it displayed the best extraction efficiency for 1,4-butanediol and succinic acid. Linear range for the extracted analytes was 1-500 ng/microl for adipic acid and 2-500 ng/microl for 1,4-butanediol and succinic acid. Detection and quantification limits for the analytes were between 1-2 and 2-7 ng/microl, respectively, and relative standard deviations were between 3 and 7%. Good repeatability and low detection limits made the developed SPE method and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis a sensitive tool for identification and quantification of hydrolysis products at early stages of degradation.

Adipates↗

PubMed2003

Qualitative and quantitative solid-phase microextraction gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of the low-molecular-mass compounds released from poly(vinyl chloride)/polycaprolactone-polycarbonate during ageing.

A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method was developed to quantitatively determine the amount of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid in aqueous solutions. The SPME method in combination with GC-MS was then applied to identify and quantify the low-molecular-mass compounds migrating from a new poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) material, PVC/polycaprolactone-polycarbonate (PCL-PC) during ageing in water. It was shown that only a small amount of 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, the final hydrolysis product of PCL-PC, migrated from the blend during ageing at 37 and 70 degrees C. If, however, the temperature was raised to 100 degrees C rapid hydrolysis of PCL-PC resulted. In addition to 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid dimer, caprolactone, different carboxylic acids, acetophenone and phenol were identified. SPME-GC-MS was also applied to monitor the low-molecular-mass compounds migrating from the PVC/PCL-PC blend during thermo-oxidation.

Calibration↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Indicator products: a new tool for lifetime prediction of polymeric materials.

The possible correlation between the degree of degradation in the polymer matrix and the release of indicator products was investigated. The degree of degradation was measured by following the molar mass changes by size exclusion chromatography, while indicator products were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The degree of degradation in polyethylene and polyethylene vinyl acetate matrix after thermooxidation was found to be in correlation with the amount of dicarboxylic acids and lactones formed during aging, while the degree of degradation in photooxidized polyethylene could be predicted from the amount of dicarboxylic acids. The relative amount of lactones compared to the relative amount of dicarboxylic acids increased if the oxidation temperature was increased. However, the total amount of indicator products was in correlation with the remaining number average molar mass and the number of chain scissions caused by oxidation. The amount of butanedioic acid and butyrolactone correlated well with the total amount of dicarboxylic acids and lactones, respectively. Thus, instead of the whole compound classes, butanedioic acid or butyrolactone alone could be used as indicators of oxidation. The detected correlation offers a novel tool for making lifetime predictions and studying the long-term properties of polymeric materials.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗