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Biomedical subjects

Milton Houpt

Publications and source records attributed to Milton Houpt.

10 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Anxiolytic-like action in mice treated with nitrous oxide and oral triazolam or diazepam.

Few animal studies have explored the interaction of nitrous oxide (N2O) with a benzodiazepine (BNZ) administered by the oral route, as used in clinical procedures involving "conscious sedation". The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative "anxiolytic-like" and sedative effectiveness of N2O, oral triazolam (TRIAZ; Halcion) or oral diazepam (DIAZ; Valium), either alone or in various combinations of drugs and doses. One hundred and twelve Swiss Webster male mice, 35-45 days old, were assigned to 28 groups, each of which contained four mice. The mouse staircase test was used for the assessment of anxiety (number of rearings) and sedation (number of steps ascended). Three doses of oral TRIAZ (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg) or DIAZ (2.0, 3.5, 5.0 mg/kg) were given in combination with room air, or N2O/O2 at a N2O concentration of 25, 50 or 75%. Each mouse was tested once. N2O alone did not reduce NR in any concentration, but caused a significant increase in locomotion. DIAZ without N2O reduced NR only with the middle and high doses, but the addition of N2O significantly enhanced the anxiolytic-like effect of all DIAZ doses. TRIAZ, alone, reduced NR only in the highest dose, but added N2O resulted in anxiolytic-like behavior with all three TRIAZ doses. The sedative effects of the BNZs were extremely variable. Only the middle dose of DIAZ plus 25% N2O unequivocally reduced the number of steps ascended, i.e., caused sedation. TRIAZ lacked the inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship with NR usually seen with DIAZ. TRIAZ, therefore, provides better dose control. This behavioral animal model indicates that the optimal combinations for reduction of anxiety-like behavior with minimal effects on sedation are 0.1 mg/kg oral TRIAZ with 25% N2O or 2.0 mg/kg oral DIAZ with 25% N2O.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of oral conscious sedation on future behavior and anxiety in pediatric dental patients.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the relationship between oral conscious sedation and subsequent behavior in the dental setting. METHODS: The sample consisted of 38 children between the ages of 39 to 71 months (mean=50 months) who had been treated with oral sedation 2 to 34 months(mean=13 months) previously, and a control group of 38 children, matched by age (mean=51 months) and gender, who had received dental treatment without conscious sedation or general anesthesia one week to 3 years previously. Subjects were matched by age and gender. All children received a standard recall examination and a prophylaxis, during which behavior and anxiety were measured. Independent variables included age at the time of sedation, present age, gender, time elapsed since sedation, effectiveness of sedation, parental scores on Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale and parent's answers to a questionnaire. The dependent variables were child behavior (rated with the 4-point Frankl scale) and self-reported anxiety ratings. RESULTS: Both groups had mean behavior ratings of positive or very positive (experimental group mean=3.13; control group mean=3.34). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups and there was little correlation of independent and dependent variables. CONCLUSIONS: There is no relationship between oral conscious sedation and the future behavior of children in the dental setting.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Project USAP 2000--use of sedative agents by pediatric dentists: a 15-year follow-up survey.

PURPOSE: A national survey of members of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry was conducted to provide a 15-year update of information regarding the use of sedative agents by pediatric dentists. METHODS: All 3,315 active members of the Academy were sent questionnaires regarding the frequency of their use of sedation and 1,778 responded. Practitioners were questioned regarding their use of sedative agents and the nature of their patients receiving sedation. In addition, they were questioned in regard to their use of restraints and reasons for change in their use of sedation during the past two years. RESULTS: In regard to the use of nitrous oxide alone, 47% of practitioners responded that they use nitrous oxide less than 11% of the time. In regard to other types of sedative agents, most practitioners use little, if any, sedation. Eighty-two percent use sedation for less than 11% of their patients. Of the 1,778 respondents, 1,224 used drugs other than nitrous oxide. In a typical three-month period, they performed 77,112 sedations. Of that number, 61,662 (80%) were administered by only 478 practitioners who use sedation on the average of once or greater each day. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with previous surveys in 1985, 1991 and 1995, these results demonstrate an overall increased use of sedation by pediatric dentists. However, the increased use is due primarily to an increase in the numbers of practitioners who are heavier users of sedation (once or greater each day).

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of primer solvent and curing mode on dentin shear bond strength and interface morphology.

UNLABELLED: There is a need to study the main and interactive bonding effects of differences in solvent and curing mode used for adhesive monomers in dentin bonding systems. OBJECTIVE: Two solvents (acetone and ethanol) and curing methods (light cure, dual cure) were evaluated on their effects on bond strength and interfacial morphology. METHOD AND MATERIALS: The adhesives studied were based on two monomers, pyromellitate of glyceryl dimethacrylate (PMGDM) and 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Four groups of eight teeth each were cut to expose planar dentin sections and treated with (a) light-cure system with acetone as solvent (LCA group); (b) light-cure system with ethanol as solvent (LCE group); (c) dual-cure system with acetone as solvent (DCA group); and (d) dual-cure system with ethanol as solvent (DCE group). The treated sections were tested for shear bond strength to composite discs and interfacial morphology. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) of shear bond strength values (MPa) for the different groups were: LCA: 11.8 (2.3); LCE: 12.7 (2.7); DCA: 24.9 (9.3); and DCE: 21.6 (9.6). All bonded sections were characterized by a similar hybrid layer, resin tags, and overall interfacial morphology. CONCLUSION: There was a significant difference in shear bond strength as a function of cure mode, but not of solvent. The mean bond strength was higher for dual-cure systems studied. Oxygen inhibition effects may account for the difference between light-cure and dual-cure types.

Acetone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effectiveness of two nitrous oxide scavenging nasal hoods during routine pediatric dental treatment.

PURPOSE: This study compared the effectiveness of 2 nasal hoods (Porter/Brown and Accutron) in reducing waste nitrous oxide gas during conscious sedation for routine pediatric dental treatment. METHODS: Thirty children, ages 3 to 8 years (mean=5.4 +/- 1.2 years), participated in this study. Fifteen randomly selected children started with the Porter/Brown mask, which was then switched to the Accutron mask, and the other 15 children used the reverse order of masks. Four measurements of ambient nitrous oxide were recorded with a Miran 205B Portable Ambient Air Analyzer 5 minutes after each of the following: (1) administration of nitrous oxide; (2) placement of the rubber dam; (3) change of the nasal hood; and (4) reduction of the vacuum. Samples were taken 8 inches above the nose of the patient and in the room 5 feet away from the patient. RESULTS: Nitrous oxide levels were significantly lower (P<.05) with the Porter/Brown system (31 +/- 40 ppm for the patient and 8 +/- 10 ppm for the room) compared with the Accutron system (375 +/- 94 ppm for the patient and 101 +/- 37 ppm for the room). When the suction was reduced, there was an increase in nitrous oxide levels with the Porter/Brown nasal hood (169 +/- 112 ppm for the patient and 28 +/- 18 ppm for the room), whereas the levels with the Accutron nasal hood remained high (368 +/- 107 ppm for the patient and 121 +/- 50 ppm for the room). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that removal of waste nitrous oxide was greater with the Porter/Brown device and that recommended suction levels must be used for optimum effectiveness.

Anesthesia, Dental↗