Soluble adhesion molecules in young children with signs of beta-cell autoimmunity--prospective follow-up from birth.
BACKGROUND: This study aimed at evaluating the relationship between the circulating concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and sL-selectin and the appearance of beta-cell autoimmunity, and at assessing whether these molecules could assist in the identification of environmental factors implicated in the immune process damaging the pancreatic beta-cells. METHODS: Serum levels of soluble adhesion molecules were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays over the first 2 years of life in 65 children seroconverting to positivity for autoantibodies and 65 control children, all with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D). RESULTS: The total integrated concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules were comparable between the two groups. The autoantibody-positive children tended to have higher sL-selectin concentrations during the 3-month seroconversion (SC) period than did the control children during the corresponding period (P = 0.07), the difference being significant (P = 0.03) after excluding subjects with signs of a concurrent enterovirus infection. Autoantibody-positive children had higher concentrations of sL-selectin in the 3-month period when an enterovirus infection was detectable than did the control children (P = 0.018). No significant difference could, however, be seen after excluding the children with concomitant seroconversion to autoantibody positivity. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated concentrations of sL-selectin are temporally associated with seroconversion to autoantibody positivity suggesting that leukocyte activation might coincide with the appearance of beta-cell autoimmunity. Early-onset progressive beta-cell autoimmunity, on the other hand, is not reflected in overall increased concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules in the peripheral circulation during the first 2 years of life in children carrying increased HLA-conferred disease susceptibility. Enterovirus infections (EVIs) are not independently associated with increased circulating sL-selectin concentrations in young children with enhanced HLA-conferred susceptibility to T1D.