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Meir J Stampfer

Publications and source records attributed to Meir J Stampfer.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Roles of drinking pattern and type of alcohol consumed in coronary heart disease in men.

BACKGROUND: Although moderate drinking confers a decreased risk of myocardial infarction, the roles of the drinking pattern and type of beverage remain unclear. METHODS: We studied the association of alcohol consumption with the risk of myocardial infarction among 38,077 male health professionals who were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at base line. We assessed the consumption of beer, red wine, white wine, and liquor individually every four years using validated food-frequency questionnaires. We documented cases of nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal coronary heart disease from 1986 to 1998. RESULTS: During 12 years of follow-up, there were 1418 cases of myocardial infarction. As compared with men who consumed alcohol less than once per week, men who consumed alcohol three to four or five to seven days per week had decreased risks of myocardial infarction (multivariate relative risk, 0.68 [95 percent confidence interval, 0.55 to 0.84] and 0.63 [95 percent confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.74], respectively). The risk was similar among men who consumed less than 10 g of alcohol per drinking day and those who consumed 30 g or more. No single type of beverage conferred additional benefit, nor did consumption with meals. A 12.5-g increase in daily alcohol consumption over a four-year follow-up period was associated with a relative risk of myocardial infarction of 0.78 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.62 to 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Among men, consumption of alcohol at least three to four days per week was inversely associated with the risk of myocardial infarction. Neither the type of beverage nor the proportion consumed with meals substantially altered this association. Men who increased their alcohol consumption by a moderate amount during follow-up had a decreased risk of myocardial infarction.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2003

A prospective study of the association between APOE genotype and the risk of myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men.

BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays an important role in lipid metabolism. Three common alleles in the APOE gene, E2/E3/E4, have been associated with lipoprotein disorders but their effects on myocardial infarction (MI) risk remain uncertain. METHODS: In a prospective cohort of 14916 apparently healthy men enrolled in the Physicians' Health Study, APOE genotyping was conducted to determine three common alleles (E2/E3/E4) among 385 incident cases of first MI and among 373 age- and smoking-matched controls. RESULTS: No significant differences in allele or genotype frequency for the APOE gene were detected between cases and controls. As expected, we observed significant positive associations between dyslipidemia (low HDL/high TG or high LDL) and MI risk (P<0.001) and between genotypes and levels of LDL (P<0.001), HDL (P=0.04) or TG (P=0.02). Compared with men homozygous for the E3 allele and after adjusting for multiple MI risk factors, men carrying the E4 allele (E4/4 or E4/3) had a relative risk of 0.93 (95% CI 0.63-1.37) and men carrying the E2 allele (E2/2 or E2/3) a relative risk of 1.03 (0.62-1.74). Moreover, no significant difference in MI risk was observed among different genotypes across different levels of lipids or smoking status. CONCLUSIONS: These data from a prospective study of apparently healthy men do not support the simple view of E2 as a protective factor and E4 as a susceptibility factor in predicting future risk of MI independent of lipid parameters. Nor did we observe any interaction between smoking and apoE4 allele on MI risk.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Analgesic use and change in kidney function in apparently healthy men.

BACKGROUND: Studies using a single creatinine measurement have yielded inconsistent results regarding analgesic use and kidney function. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study of 4,494 US male physicians who provided blood samples in both 1982 and 1996. Outcomes measured were increase in plasma creatinine level of 0.3 mg/dL or greater (> or =26.5 micromol/L) and decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 29.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 or greater during this 14-year period. Self-reported use of aspirin, acetaminophen, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was classified as never (<12 pills during the study period), 12 to 1,499 pills, 1,500 to 2,499 pills, and 2,500 or greater pills during the study period. RESULTS: Blood measurements made 14 years apart showed increased creatinine levels in 242 participants and decreased GFRs in 224 participants. Compared with never use, multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of increased creatinine levels were 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43 to 2.23) for 2,500 or greater pills of aspirin, 1.02 (95% CI, 0.55 to 1.90) for 2,500 or greater pills of acetaminophen, and 1.12 (95% CI, 0.67 to 1.87) for 2,500 or greater pills of other NSAIDs. For decreased GFRs, ORs for intake of 2,500 or greater pills were 0.75 (95% CI, 0.35 to 1.57) for aspirin, 1.22 (95% CI, 0.66 to 2.26) for acetaminophen, and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.65 to 1.90) for other NSAIDs. Use of aspirin, but not acetaminophen or other NSAIDs, was associated with a reduced risk for change in kidney function in participants without cardiovascular risk factors and a possible but nonsignificant increase in those with cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSION: Occasional to moderate analgesic intake of aspirin, acetaminophen, or NSAIDs does not appear to increase the risk for decline in kidney function during a period of 14 years.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed2003

A prospective study of whole grains, fruits, vegetables and colon cancer risk.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the relation between whole grains, fruit, vegetables and dietary fiber and colon cancer risk in the prospective Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. METHODS: In 1992-1993, 62,609 men and 70,554 women completed questionnaires on medical history, diet and lifestyle behaviors. After exclusions, we confirmed 298 cases of incident colon cancer among men and 210 among women through August 31, 1997. RESULTS: Multivariate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all dietary factors were null. However, a statistically non-significant 30% reduction in risk was observed for men with the highest vegetable intakes (RR = 0.69, CI = 0.47-1.03, top versus bottom quintile, p trend = 0.10). Men with very low (lowest tertile within the lowest quintile) intakes of vegetables and dietary fiber were at increased risk compared to those in the highest four quintiles of intake (vegetables RR = 1.79, CI = 1.22-2.61, p trend = 0.04, and fiber RR = 1.96, CI = 1.24-3.10, p trend = 0.006). Women with very low intakes of fruit were also at increased risk (RR = 1.86, CI = 1.18-2.94, p trend = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Higher intakes of plant foods or fiber were not related to lower risk of colon cancer. However, our data suggest that very low intakes of plant foods may increase risk, and that certain phytochemical subgroups may decrease risk.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Alcohol consumption patterns and HbA1c, C-peptide and insulin concentrations in men.

OBJECTIVE: Observational studies support inverse associations between moderate alcohol consumption and fasting insulin concentrations, but the importance of drinking pattern on the effect of alcohol on insulin sensitivity has not been fully explored. We examined the relations of alcohol consumption patterns-including average daily consumption, frequency of consumption and drinking with meals-to fasting insulin, fasting c-peptide and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 462 disease-free men selected from the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study to provide information on a range of drinking patterns. Study participants were 48 to 82 years of age who provided a blood sample and detailed information on diet, life-style and alcohol consumption patterns in 1994. Among the study participants, 267 men provided a fasting blood sample and contributed to the analyses of insulin and c-peptide. RESULTS: Biologic markers were not strongly related to average alcohol consumption. Compared to abstainers, differences in insulin concentrations-all statistically non-significant-were 0.06, 1.25, 1.02, and 0.12 micro U/mL for consumers of <1, 1-1.9, 2-2.9, 3+ drinks per day, respectively. The frequency of alcohol consumption was inversely related to fasting c-peptide and insulin concentrations after controlling for average alcohol consumption and other potential confounding variables. Compared to men who reported consuming alcohol one to three days per week, c-peptide concentrations were 0.08 ng/mL and 0.29 ng/mL lower (p-trend = 0.04) in men who reported consuming alcohol on four to five days per week and six to seven days per week, respectively. Men who consumed alcohol on most days also had lower fasting insulin levels than more irregular drinkers (p-trend = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that frequent alcohol consumption is inversely related to fasting c-peptide and insulin concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Does vitamin E supplementation prevent cardiovascular events?

In recent years, vitamin E has been investigated as a cardioprotective agent. Experimental studies have identified potential mechanisms by which vitamin E may inhibit the development of atherosclerosis, and observational studies of individuals without coronary disease suggest that vitamin E intake may prevent future cardiovascular events. Secondary prevention trials to date have demonstrated little benefit from vitamin E supplementation. It remains possible, however, that supplementation may be useful among certain high-risk groups, including those with nutritional deficiencies. Limited data from completed primary prevention trials also indicate minimal cardioprotection from vitamin E, but large-scale trials now in progress may yet show benefit. Results from ongoing trials will contribute powerfully to the totality of evidence on which to formulate both appropriate clinical recommendations for individual patients and a rational public health policy for the population as a whole. At this time, there is insufficient evidence for issuing a public health recommendation to use vitamin E supplements to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD). Rather, increased intake of fruits, vegetables, and other antioxidant-rich foods should be promoted as part of a healthy diet because they provide nutritional benefits beyond any potential antioxidant effect. Moreover, even if found to reduce CVD risk, vitamin supplement use should be considered an adjunct, not an alternative, to established cardioprotective measures, such as smoking abstention, avoidance of obesity, adequate physical activity, and control of high blood pressure and hyperlipidemia.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A prospective study of calcium intake from diet and supplements and risk of ischemic heart disease among men.

BACKGROUND: Calcium intake is thought to have a protective effect on the risk of developing ischemic heart disease (IHD), but the existing data are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess the relation between calcium intake and risk of IHD among men. DESIGN: Men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study who returned a dietary questionnaire in 1986 (n = 39 800) were followed up for 12 y. Intakes of calcium and other nutrients were assessed in 1986, 1990, and 1994. The endpoints of total IHD (nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal IHD) incidence were ascertained by medical record review. Other IHD risk factors were recorded biennially. RESULTS: During 12 y of follow-up (415 965 person-years), we documented 1458 cases of IHD: 1030 of nonfatal myocardial infarction and 428 of fatal IHD. After control for standard IHD risk factors, the relative risk of developing IHD among men in the highest (median intake = 1377 mg/d) compared with the lowest (median intake = 523 mg/d) calcium intake quintile was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.16; P for trend = 0.64), for vitamin D intake was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.80, 1.24; P for trend = 0.66), and for total dairy product intake was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.83, 1.23; P for trend = 0.57). For supplemental calcium intake, the relative risk of developing IHD in a comparison of the highest quintile with nonusers of supplements was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.19; P for trend = 0.31). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that neither dietary nor supplemental intakes of calcium are appreciably associated with the risk of IHD among men.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Dietary carotenoids and risk of coronary artery disease in women.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have shown that higher intakes or higher blood concentrations of carotenes are associated with a lower risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Given the null results in trials of beta-carotene supplementation, considerable attention has focused on the potential role of other dietary carotenoids in the prevention of CAD. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to prospectively examine the relation between dietary intakes of specific carotenoids and risk of CAD in women. DESIGN: In 1984, 73 286 female nurses completed a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire that assessed their consumption of carotenoids and various other nutrients. The women were followed for 12 y for the development of incident CAD (nonfatal myocardial infarction and fatal CAD), and dietary information was updated in 1986, 1990, and 1994. RESULTS: During 12 y of follow-up (803 590 person-years), we identified 998 incident cases of CAD. After adjustment for age, smoking, and other CAD risk factors, we observed modest but significant inverse associations between the highest quintiles of intake of beta-carotene and alpha-carotene and risk of CAD but no significant relation with intakes of lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, or beta-cryptoxanthin. For women in the highest compared with the respective lowest quintile of intake, the relative risks for beta-carotene and alpha-carotene were 0.74 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.93) and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.99), respectively. The association between the specific carotenoids and CAD risk did not vary significantly by current smoking status. CONCLUSION: Higher intakes of foods rich in alpha-carotene or beta-carotene are associated with a reduction in risk of CAD.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Alcohol consumption in relation to risk of cholecystectomy in women.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption has been linked to a lower risk of gallstone disease. However, the magnitude of the association is uncertain, and little is known about the relation of alcohol consumption patterns and individual types of alcoholic beverages to gallstone disease risk. OBJECTIVE: We prospectively examined the association between alcohol intake and cholecystectomy, a surrogate for symptomatic gallstone disease, in a large cohort of women. DESIGN: Women from the Nurses' Health Study who had no history of gallstone disease in 1980 (n = 80,898) were followed for 20 y. Alcohol consumption, which was measured every 2-4 y by food-frequency questionnaires, was used to predict subsequent cholecystectomy through multivariate analysis. RESULTS: We ascertained 7831 cases of cholecystectomy. Relative to subjects who had no alcohol intake, subjects who had alcohol intakes of 0.1-4.9, 5.0-14.9, 15.0-29.9, 30.0-49.9, and >/=50.0 g/d had multivariate relative risks of cholecystectomy of 0.95, 0.86, 0.80, 0.67, and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.49, 0.79), respectively. Relative to subjects who never consumed alcohol, subjects who consumed alcohol 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, and 7 d/wk had multivariate relative risks of cholecystectomy of 0.94, 0.88, 0.87, and 0.73 (0.63, 0.84), respectively. All alcoholic beverage types were inversely associated with cholecystectomy risk, independent of consumption patterns (for quantity of alcohol consumed, P = 0.04, 0.001, and 0.003 for wine, beer, and liquor, respectively; for frequency of alcohol consumption, P = 0.01, 0.07, and <0.0001 for wine, beer, and liquor, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The intake of all alcoholic beverage types is inversely associated with the risk of cholecystectomy. Recommendations regarding the benefit of consuming moderate quantities of alcohol should be weighed against the potential health hazards.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Body iron stores and their determinants in healthy postmenopausal US women.

BACKGROUND: Data on the determinants of body iron stores in middle-aged women are sparse. OBJECTIVE: We prospectively evaluated nondietary and dietary determinants of iron stores. DESIGN: Using blood samples collected in 1989-1990, we measured plasma ferritin concentrations in 620 healthy postmenopausal women aged 44-69 y who participated in the Nurses' Health Study. Food-frequency questionnaires completed in 1980, 1984, and 1986 were used to calculate average dietary intakes. Generalized linear regression and multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the association between plasma ferritin and its determinants. RESULTS: Among these postmenopausal women, the median plasma ferritin concentration was 73.8 ng/mL (interquartile range: 41.6-125.8 ng/mL), 2.7% were iron depleted (ferritin concentration < 12 ng/mL), and 9.8% had an elevated ferritin concentration (> 200 ng/mL). Age, time since menopause, time since the last postmenopausal hormone (PMH) use, body mass index, iron supplement use, and alcohol and heme-iron intakes were positively associated with ferritin concentrations, whereas PMH use, physical activity, aspirin use, and gastrointestinal ulcer were inversely related. The association between heme-iron intake and ferritin was most apparent among the women who consumed > 30 g alcohol/d. CONCLUSIONS: Our prospective data confirm that in postmenopausal women, intakes of heme iron, supplemental iron, and alcohol are dietary determinants of plasma ferritin, and age, PMH use, body mass index, physical activity, aspirin use, and gastrointestinal ulcer are nondietary determinants.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Geographical, seasonal and gender differences in folate status among Chinese adults.

Low blood folate concentrations have been associated with cardiovascular disease, neural tube defects and selected cancers, but little is known about folate status in Chinese adults. In a cross-sectional study we measured the plasma and red blood cell folate concentrations in 2422 Chinese men and women aged 35 to 64 y, living in the North and South of China, who provided blood samples either in March or September of 2001. The geometric mean concentrations of plasma and red blood cell folate were lower among Northerners than Southerners (adjusted geometric means, 8.4 and 502, and 16.7 and 811 nmol/L, respectively) controlling for age, gender, season (spring and fall), area (urban and rural), BMI, multivitamin use, alcohol intake and current smoking status. We estimated that approximately 40% of the Northerners and approximately 6% of the Southerners had plasma folate concentrations lower than the 6.8 nmol/L (3 microg/L), and approximately 30% of the Northerners and approximately 4% of the Southerners had red blood cell folate concentrations lower than the 363 nmol/L (160 microg/L), levels used to define folate deficiency. Within each region, men had lower plasma folate concentrations than women (6.9 versus 9.8 nmol/L in the North, and 14.5 versus 19.6 nmol/L in the South). In men, current smokers had a higher risk of folate deficiency compared with nonsmokers [adjusted odds ratios, 1.9 (95% CI, 1.4-2.6) for plasma folate deficiency and 2.5 (95% CI, 1.7-3.6) for red blood cell folate deficiency (P < 0.001)]. Our findings suggest that a large proportion of Chinese adults have a low folate status, especially those living in northern China where 60% of the men are plasma folate deficient in the spring. Further studies are needed to elucidate the factors that influence folate concentrations among middle-aged Chinese and to evaluate possible intervention strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Moderate alcohol intake and renal function decline in women: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The impact of moderate alcohol consumption on renal function has important public health implications given the high prevalence of alcohol use. Experimentally, alcohol may adversely affect renal function, but clinical data are limited and no large, prospective studies have examined this issue. METHODS: In a prospective study of 1658 nurses enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study, we sought to determine if there was an association between moderate alcohol consumption and rate of decline in renal function. Daily alcohol intake was measured in 1990, 1994 and 1998 using a detailed questionnaire. Maximum daily alcohol intake was measured in 1988. Creatinine, measured from blood samples provided in 1989 and 2000, was used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and creatinine clearance (CCr). RESULTS: Compared to individuals with no alcohol intake, the odds ratios (ORs) for developing a >or=25% estimated GFR decline were: 0.98 (95% CI: 0.72-1.32) for 0.1-4.9 g/day, 0.83 (95% CI: 0.56-1.21) for 5-14.9 g/day and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.50-1.31) for 15-59.9 g/day. For women with hypertension (n = 726), the ORs for a >or=25% estimated GFR decline were: 0.98 (95% CI: 0.53-1.21) for 0.1-4.9 g/day, 0.62 (95% CI: 0.34-1.12) for 5-14.9 g/day and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.25-1.12) for 15-59.9 g/day. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate alcohol consumption had no substantial adverse effect on renal function in women over an 11 year follow-up period.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2003

Menopause and postmenopausal hormone use and risk of incident kidney stones.

Menopause is associated with increased urinary calcium excretion, which could increase the risk for the development of calcium-containing kidney stones. However, it is unknown whether menopause and postmenopausal hormone (PMH) use are independent risk factors for incident kidney stone disease in women. Data from 91,731 female Nurses' Health Study participants who provided information on diet, menopause status, and kidney stone disease were used to examine the independent association between menopause and PMH use and risk of incident kidney stones. No association was found between menopause and incident kidney stones in age-adjusted (relative risk [RR], 1.07; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.34) or multivariate models (RR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.41). However, when the association between the type of menopause and risk of incident kidney stones was examined, surgical menopause was associated with an increased risk in both the age-adjusted (RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.77) and multivariate models (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.81), whereas natural menopause was not. Compared with never-use, past or current PMH use (including duration of PMH use) was not associated with incident kidney stones among postmenopausal women. In conclusion, no association was found between menopause and PMH use and incident kidney stones. Surgical menopause, however, may be associated with an increased risk.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A prospective study of self-reported sleep duration and incident diabetes in women.

Short-term sleep restriction results in impaired glucose tolerance. To test whether habitually short sleep duration increases the risk of developing diabetes, we studied a cohort of 70,026 women enrolled in the Nurses Health Study, without diabetes at baseline, and who responded to a question about daily sleep duration in 1986. Subjects were followed until 1996 for the diagnosis of diabetes (1,969 cases). Long and short sleep durations were associated with an increased risk of diabetes diagnosis. The relative risks (RRs) for short (slept < or =5 h per day) and long (slept > or =9 h per day) sleepers were 1.57 (95% CI 1.28-1.92) and 1.47 (1.19-1.80), respectively. After adjustment for BMI and a variety of confounders, the RR was not significantly increased for short sleepers (1.18 [0.96-1.44]) but remained modestly increased for long sleepers (1.29 [1.05-1.59]). We then performed a similar analysis using only symptomatic cases (n = 1,187). Adjusted RRs for symptomatic diabetes were modestly elevated in both short (1.34 [1.04-1.72]) and long (1.35 [1.04-1.75]) sleepers. Our data suggest that the association between a reduced self-reported sleep duration and diabetes diagnosis could be due to confounding by BMI, or sleep restriction may mediate its effects on diabetes through weight gain. Sleep restriction may be an independent risk factor for developing symptomatic diabetes.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed2003

Sex steroid hormone exposures and risk for meningioma.

OBJECT: The goal of this study was to investigate the risk of meningioma in relation to exogenous and endogenous sex hormones. METHODS: The study participants were female registered nurses from 11 US states who were between 30 and 55 years of age when they enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study cohort. These women completed biennial questionnaires between 1976 and 1996. All participants were free from cancer and other major medical illness at the onset of the study. The primary endpoint was meningioma as self-reported in biennial and supplemental questionnaires. During 1,213,522 person-years of follow-up review, 125 cases of meningioma were confirmed. After adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI), compared with postmenopausal women who had never used postmenopausal hormones, the relative risk (RR) for premenopausal women was 2.48 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29-4.77; p = 0.01) and the RR for postmenopausal women who received hormone therapy was 1.86 (95% CI 1.07-3.24; p = 0.03). The authors found no excess risk associated with past hormone use. In models that additionally controlled for hormone use and menopausal status, the authors found that, compared with women whose menarche occurred before they were 12 years of age, the RR for women whose menarche occurred at ages 12 through 14 years was 1.29 (95% CI 0.86-1.92; p = 0.21) and the RR for women whose menarche occurred after age 14 years was 1.97 (95% CI 1.06-3.66; p = 0.03). The authors also observed a tendency, albeit nonsignificant, for increased risk of meningioma in parous as opposed to nulliparous women (multivariate RR = 2.39, 95% CI 0.76-7.53; p = 0.14). A trend toward an increasing risk of meningioma with increasing BMI was also noted (p for trend = 0.06). No association was found for past or current use of oral contraceptives. CONCLUSIONS: The risk for meningiomas was increased among women exposed to either endogenous or exogenous sex hormones. An unexpected relationship with increasing age at menarche was also noted; this remains unexplained.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A prospective study of intake of fish and marine fatty acids and prostate cancer.

Experimental studies suggest that marine fatty acids have an antitumor effect on prostate tumor cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether high consumption of fish and marine fatty acids reduces the risk of prostate cancer in humans. We followed 47882 men participating in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Dietary intake was assessed in 1986, 1990, and 1994, using a validated food frequency questionnaire. During 12 years of follow-up, 2482 cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed, of which 617 were diagnosed as advanced prostate cancer including 278 metastatic prostate cancers. Eating fish more than three times per week was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer, and the strongest association was for metastatic cancer (multivariate relative risk, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-0.86, compared with infrequent consumption, i.e., less than twice per month). Intake of marine fatty acids from food showed a similar but weaker association. Each additional daily intake of 0.5 g of marine fatty acid from food was associated with a 24% decreased risk of metastatic cancer. We found that men with high consumption of fish had a lower risk of prostate cancer, especially for metastatic cancer. Marine fatty acids may account for part of the effect, but other factors in fish may also play a role.

Adult↗