The prospective impact of psychosocial variables on rates of illness and injury in professional employees.
From a prospective study of health changes in air traffic controllers, it was determined that high scores on self-report measures of work-related life change distress, other life changes outside the work setting, the type A behavior pattern, and dissatisfaction with management were positively related to future rates of injuries and physician-diagnosed acute illness episodes. Depending on the risk factor involved, high scorers on these psychosocial risk predictors incurred from 80% to 252% more future accidental injuries and from 38% to 69% more future total morbidity over a 27-month follow-up period than the men in the low scoring groups. Moreover, coworker-rated amicability, probably an indication of the amount of social support available to an individual, was significantly protective against these outcome variables, with the rarely or never chosen group experiencing 60% more total morbidity and 174% more injuries than the often chosen group. A multiple-regression equation revealed that stress, amicability, type A, and satisfaction with management had an additive effect on the outcome variables. Work- and non-work-related life change distress subscales were similar in their ability to predict later morbidity. Prediction was stronger for 27-month follow-up than for only the first 9-month period. The findings, if replicated, raise the possibility of screening programs to identify employees at high risk of future illness and injury.