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Biomedical subjects

M U Adikwu

Publications and source records attributed to M U Adikwu.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Evaluation of mucin as a release enhancer for rectal delivery of glibenclamide.

In this work mucin was evaluated as a release and absorption enhancer for glibenclamide from rectal glycerogelatin suppository. Glycerogelatin suppositories containing different ratios of glibenclamide to I-mucin (insoluble), S-mucin (soluble) and sodium salicylate respectively, were formulated using the fusion method. The suppositories were evaluated using standard parameters. Release studies were carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 7.6). The pharmacodynamic (PD) evaluation of the formulations was carried out on normoglycaemic albino rats. The results of the physical tests showed that the suppositories possessed high resistance to rupture and had uniformity of weight and drug contents. The erosion times of the suppositories with I-mucin, S-mucin and sodium salicylate were shorter than glycerogelatin suppositories BP without any release enhancer (control). Analysis of the release data showed that the release pattern was bi-phasic with initial fast release and subsequent slow release of the glibenclamide from the suppositories. The release mechanism followed first order kinetics. All the suppositories containing either S-mucin, I-mucin or sodium salicylate showed better glibenclamide release than the control without any release enhancer (p < 0.05). The pharmacodynamic studies showed that the overall glucose lowering effect in rats was greater in S-mucin suppositories than in sodium salicylate and I-mucin suppositories. The results of this study indicated that mucin extracted from Bovine spp. could be used to enhance the release and subsequent absorption of glibenclamide from rectal glycerolgelatin suppositories.

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic↗
PubMed2004

Some physical properties of tabletted seed of Garcinia kola (HECKEL).

The formulation of Garcinia kola seeds into tablet dosage form and evaluation of some physical properties of the tablets are presented. A chemical assay was conducted on the dry, powdered seeds as well as the crude aqueous extract of the seeds. The dry powdered seeds contain 0.003% of flavonoids while the crude extract contained 0.007% of flavonoids based on rutin used as the standard. The powdered material (50 mg) and crude extract (10 mg) were formulated into tablets using the wet granulation method. Named binders were evaluated in these formulations. The various tablet parameters were evaluated, namely: weight variation, thickness and diameter, hardness, friability, disintegration time, dissolution profile and content uniformity. The results indicated that the tablets had good disintegration time, dissolution and hardness/friability profiles. Tablets formulated with starch had the best disintegration properties but were consequently very friable. Tablets formulated from 10 mg of the crude extract needed a larger proportion of diluents, which affected the tablet properties.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed2004

Melt extrusion bioadhesive delivery of diclofenac sodium granules using theobroma oil.

Carbopol 941 (C-941), a bioadhesive polymer and theobroma oil (TEO) were used in the formulation of melt extrusion bioadhesive tablets (MEBT) of diclofenac (DC). Different batches of the MEBT were formulated using different combinations of C-941 granules containing DC and TEO. The bioadhesive properties of the tablets were studied using a tensiometer by measuring the bioadhesive strength generated when the tablet interacts with the mucus of everted hog jejunum. Some physical properties of the tablets evaluated were weight uniformity, crushing strength, friability, tablet thickness and diameter liquefaction time and absolute drug content. Release of DC from the MEBT was carried out in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), pH 7.2. The tablets had low liquefaction times and were highly bioadhesive. Result of the study indicated that TEO could be used in the formulation of MEBT of DC granulated with C-941 for prolonged and controlled delivery of DC.

Adhesives↗
PubMed2003

The use of solid self-emulsifying systems in the delivery of diclofenac.

Goat fat and Tween 65 admixtures were used to formulate self-emulsifying tablets containing diclofenac. The tablets were formulated by pour moulding using a plastic mould. The tablets were evaluated using the following parameters: weight uniformity, absolute drug content, and liquefaction time. The dissolution profile of diclofenac from the self-emulsifying tablets was determined in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) without pepsin. Results obtained indicated that diclofenac could be comfortably administered in the form of self-emulsifying tablets using goat fat and Tween 65 admixtures.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Release of indomethacin from bioadhesive tablets containing carbopol 941 modified with Abelmuschus esculentus (okra) gum.

Carbopol 941 (C-941) and Abelmuschus esculentus gum (Okra gum, AEG) were used as bioadhesive polymers in the formulation of mucoadhesive indomethacin tablets. Different batches of the tablet compacts were formulated based on different combination ratios of the polymers. The bioadhesive properties of the tablets were studied using a tensiometer: Tablets coated with 50% w/v solution of Eudragit I. 100 in ethanol, were also prepared and evaluated. The following tablet physical properties were evaluated: hardness, uniformity of weight, disintegration time, friability, and absolute drug content. Release studies were determined in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF pH 7.2) without pancreatin, and in 0.1 N solution of HCl. Result obtained indicated that tablets with equal ratio of C-941 and AEG (1:1) gave the highest bioadhesive strength for both the coated and uncoated tablets. The percentage of drug released ranged from 53-90% for uncoated tablets in 0.1 N HCl and SIF, and 9-16% for coated tablets in 0.1 N HCl, and 63-100% for coated tablets in SIF after 8 hrs.

Abelmoschus↗
PubMed2002

Susceptibility of some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to bioactive column fractions from the lichen Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach.

The antimicrobial activities of two bioactive column chromatographic fractions (RF1 and RF2) from the lichen Ramalina farinacea (L.) were evaluated against 15 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. The susceptibility pattern of the isolates towards tetracycline (TCN) and ampicillin (AMP) was similarly -evaluated for comparison purposes. The results show that RF1 and RF2 with an MIC(90) ( minimum -inhibitory concentration against 90% of the isolates) of 535.5 and 317 microg/mL respectively, performed generally better than TCN and AMP with an MIC(90) of 976.5 and 357 microg/mL respectively.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed2001

Potential use of tea extract as a complementary mouthwash: comparative evaluation of two commercial samples.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential of using tea extracts as complementary mouthwash and to test the comparative efficacy of two commercial samples. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial with 30 healthy human volunteers was carried out. The subjects were randomly assigned to 5 groups of 6 subjects per group. The ability of Ndu tea (from Cameroon) and Lipton tea (from Nigeria) to reduce colony forming units (CFU) in the liquid expectorated after 60 seconds of gargling from the mouth of the volunteers at 5 and 60 minutes were evaluated. These were compared to the values obtained from bank water and Minty Brett (thymol 0.047%), a standard antiseptic. SETTING: University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. SUBJECTS: Thirty healthy human volunteers (18 males and 12 females, between 22-30 years of age) who met the eligibility requirement of being nonsmokers and not taking any other antimicrobial agent were selected for the study. RESULT: Relative to the bank water, the results indicated that the hot water extract of both teas significantly (p < 0.05) reduced CFU per milliliter in the liquid expectorated after gargling at both 5 and 60 minutes. Minty Brett showed higher activity than both tea extracts; however, unlike Minty Brett both extracts still reduced the CFU per milliliter at time 60 minutes (an indication of longer duration of activity). The combination of the tea extracts with sodium lauryl sulfate (1.2% w/v), a surfactant and emulsifier, significantly increased the antimicrobial activity relative to each tea alone. Comparatively, the activity of Ndu tea was found to be slightly higher than that of Lipton tea but this was not significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Lipton and Ndu tea extracts potently reduced the CFU per milliliter. This activity was potentiated by sodium lauryl sulfate. Although Minty Brett had more potent antimicrobial activity, both tea extracts have longer duration of activity. The results indicate the potential usefulness of tea extracts as a complementary mouthwash.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Mechanistic appraisal of the charge-transfer complexes of promethazine with chloranil: a modelling approach.

Various mechanisms are often used to explain the interaction between electron donors and acceptors. Commonly proposed mechanisms are those in which the acceptor interacts with the aromatic pi-systems in the donor molecule or the acceptor forms a weak interaction of the Lewis acid with Lewis base type. In this study, the above mechanisms were examined as well as other possible mechanisms. Promethazine was chosen as the model drug containing aromatic systems capable of pi-pi interaction as well as N-methyl group capable of forming a complex with the weak Lewis acid, p-chloranil. Our modelling studies revealed that the situation where the p-chloranil interacts with a protonated N-methyl group is the most significant mechanism of interaction, based on the calculated energies for the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), the Tripos force field energy terms and also the stability of the complexes during molecular dynamics simulations.

Chloranil↗
PubMed2000

Antimicrobial activities of some amino derivatives of 5,7-dibromo-2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline.

The bromine atoms of the title compound, 5,7-dibromo-2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline were replaced by the requisite amino compound to afford 6 amino derivatives viz: bis(diethylamino)-, bis(dibutylamino)-, bis(dicyclohexylamino)-, dipyrolidino-, dipiperidino- and dipiperazino derivatives. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds were investigated against selected gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and yeast (Candida albicans). All the compounds showed significant activity against the test microorganisms, from 5-30 times compared to the title compound. It was observed that all derivatives were more effective against gram positive bacteria. No correlation has been established between the minimum inhibitory (MIC) concentrations of the derivatives and the structural modifications.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Studies on bioadhesive granules I: granules formulated with Prosopis africana (prosopis) gum.

Prosopis gum (PG) extracted from Prosopis africana was investigated for bioadhesive delivery of theophylline (TPL). Bioadhesive granules containing TPL were formulated and the bioadhesive properties evaluated using adhesion of the granules onto a porcine intestinal mucus surface. The bioadhesion of the gum dispersion was also evaluated using coated glass beads and the strength of the films formulated from the gums was also determined. The release properties of the TPL-containing granules were assessed by diffusion of TPL from the granules through porcine intestinal wall into a sink solution. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) was used as the standard bioadhesive polymer. Results indicated that PG is highly bioadhesive compared to SCMC. The result of the release studies also showed that PG could be used to deliver TPL in a bioadhesive dosage form.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1999

Preliminary physicochemical evaluations and bioactive properties of column fractions from the lichen.

The chloroform-soluble portion of an ethanolic extract of the lichen Ramalina farinacea was separated by column chromatography using n-hexane: ethylacetate (4:1) as the mobile phase and silica gel S as the stationary phase. Four column fractions (B, C, H and I) and the n-hexane-soluble portion of the ethanolic extract (N) were screened for possible biological activity by the Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay Technique. Some physicochemical evaluations of the column fractions such as pH determinations, ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra, solubility profile and some chemical tests were also carried out. Phytochemical and elemental analysis of the crude lichen material was equally carried out. Results showed that all the fractions and the n-hexane extract were biologically active with the bioactivity of N > B > C > I > H. Fractions B and C were both acidic and evaluation of their solubility profile, UV spectra and some chemical reactions suggest that the fractions are possibly depsides and depsidones respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Thermodynamic studies of the charge-transfer interactions of chloranilic acid with moclobemide and promethazine hydrochloride.

Spectrophotometric absorption studies gave evidence for the formation of strongly bonded charge-transfer complexes between moclobemide and promethazine hydrochloride with chloranilic acid in non-aqueous media comprising chloroform and 1,4-dioxane. The transitions involved were detected at wavelengths longer than those of the single pure substances in the visible region. Equilibrium constants from the Scott equation could be measured together with other thermodynamic parameters and molar absorptivities at different temperatures. Theoretical arguments are presented as to the spontaneity of these interactions.

Benzamides↗
PubMed1998

Energetics of the adsorption of some drug onto the sclerotium of Pleurotus tuber-regium.

The thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption of iodine, acetyl-salicylic acid [aspirin] sodium salicylate and pyridoxine hydrochloride onto the powder of sclerotium of pleurotus tuber-regium has been studied. Negative delta G values were obtained for the adsorption of the drugs onto the powdered sclerotium. The negative delta G values show that adsorption is favoured in this spontaneous process, that is, the process led to a decrease in the free energy of the system. The free energy of segregation or surface enrichment factor caused by combination of the material was 46. delta H values calculated for the adsorption of the drugs onto the sclerotium were all negative as well as the delta S values. All these indicate that the adsorption was an exothermic process.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1997

Spectrophotometric determination of moclobemide by charge-transfer complexation.

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method is described for the assay for the moclobemide. The method is based on the molecular interaction between the drug and chloranilic acid, to form a charge-transfer complex in which the drug acts as n-donor and chloranilic acid as pi-acceptor. Chloranilic acid was found to form a charge-transfer complex in a 1:1 stoichiometry with a maximum absorption band at 526 nm. Conformity with Beer's law was evident over the concentration range 4-36 mg 100 ml-1. A complete, detailed investigation of the complex formed was made with respect to its composition, association constant, molar absorptivity and free energy change. The method has been applied successfully to the analysis of commercially available moclobemide tablets with good recovery and reproducibility.

Benzamides↗
PubMed1996

Sales practices of patent medicine sellers in Nigeria.

A survey was carried out among patent medicine dealers to evaluate their practices that militate against laws governing prescriptions-only medicines in Nigeria. Questionnaires were distributed to 46 patent medicine dealers and later collected from them on appointment. Analysis of the results showed that all the patent medicine dealers were aware of the law governing the sale of prescription drugs in Nigeria. Seventy-five per cent of them stock such drugs. Patent medicine dealers obtain their drugs largely from sales representative of pharmaceutical companies as well as from industries. Inappropriate use of sales boys and girls in patent medicine stores and defective government policies were all investigated.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Four years of essential drugs' list in Nigeria.

A survey using questionnaires was carried out to determine the extent of awareness and acceptability of the Nigerian Essential Drugs' List and its effect on drug procurement and prescription pattern in some health institutions. Analysis of the responses showed that there was a 100% awareness on the part of the health professionals involved in the survey. Acceptability of the list was low: 96% of the sample group were of the opinion that the essential drugs' list should be abrogated. Medical doctors prescribe drugs without due consideration for the list while pharmacists stock and dispense drugs on a similar basis. The concept of the essential drugs' list has not been included in the curricula of the universities and other teaching institutions studied. It was also found that essential drug supply by manufacturers in Nigeria is inadequate.

Drug Prescriptions↗