Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to M Trixler.
The coexistence of the delusions of infestation and of body smell is reported. In the analysis of a schizophrenic patient, the authors suppose a connection between object loss and the formation of secondary symptoms. Delusions of infestation and/or body smell can be an indication for a careful psychological analysis in schizophrenia.
In connection with their schizophrenic cases, the authors analyse the nosological and psychodynamical characteristics of the phenomenon described by Ekbom. They emphasize the interaction between the psychotic process and object losses, which can be observed in the formation of secondary symptoms.
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A 33-year-old male with short stature, abnormal male sexual differentiation, aspermia, and schizoid character disorder is described, who had a Y chromosome with a deleted long arm. The correlation of the symptoms, including the psychotic abnormality, with the cytogenetic finding is discussed.
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The authors report on a case of borderline hysterics with several depressive reactions. The patient was treated by art therapy using the focal conflict model. The psychodynamic background of the disease, i.e. castration anxiety, incestuous tendencies and primary narcissism were revealed. The authors conclude that the use of the focal conflict model in art therapy enhances the patient's chances of working through unconscious conflicts in psychotherapy.
The authors report of sex chromosome aberration screenings among the patients of the male psychiatric department, University Medical School, Pecs. 310 patients were investigated. The X-chromatin was detected in buccal smears with thionin-staining and the Y-chromatin in peripheric blood smears with quinacrin-staining by the help of fluorescentoptical technique. Two Klinefelter-patients and one YY-patient were diagnostized. The Klinefelter-patients were psychopaths and mentally subnormal, the YY-patient was a paranoid schizophrenic. The incidence of Klinefelter syndrome is 0.64%, that of the YY syndrome is 0.32%. Mental relations of sex chromosome aberrations are discussed in detail.
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A silver staining method using light-insensitive physical developer for electron microscopic study of selected mitoses is described. The G-banded mitoses are stained with silver by a physical development process that preserves the original G-banding pattern. Transferring the light microscopically selected mitoses to grids provides an examination by optional high resolution in an electron microscope. The physical developer makes the staining standardizable and reproducible, and the intensity of the staining can be controlled by varying the time of development.
The coexistent appearance of delusions of pregnancy and infestation is reported in a male patient with posttraumatic epilepsy. While published organic cases of delusions of pregnancy have involved patients with severe or mild mental retardation, our reported patient had a higher than average IQ. The interpretative role of these delusions in a probable perceptual symptomatology cannot be excluded, as both delusions can be based on sensations in the abdomen or on the skin.
OBJECTIVES: Recent approaches to the 'theory of mind' and pragmatics support that, if we did not have any idea about what other people know, we could hardly use language effectively. Successful communication (the pragmatic aspect of language) depends on inferring the beliefs and intentions of the partner in the conversation. Such successful communication is linguistically realized in part by cohesion and in part by abiding by the maxims derived from the cooperative principle. However, the violations of the Gricean implicatures are generally used in everyday language, mainly to point at a hidden, most commonly negative opinion on others. We hypothesize that schizophrenics have difficulties in the decoding of these violations, as the core deficit in this disorder is around social cognition, theory of mind and pragmatic language use. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We have examined 26 paranoid schizophrenic patients and 26 normal control subjects by using 4 'question and answer' vignettes, where the Gricean maxim of relevance was violated to express a hidden, negative opinion by one partner during the communicative act. The subjects were asked to judge these opinions and were evaluated by the investigators on a score from 0 to 2 points. In a pilot study, interrater reliability was judged to be satisfactory. The data were analysed statistically by parametric and non-parametric tests. RESULTS: Statistical analyses of our data have shown that schizophrenics made significantly more mistakes during the decoding of the violated maxim as compared with controls (p < 0.0001), reflecting on the difficulties during the correct exploration of the social context, i.e. recognition of the speaker's hidden opinion. CONCLUSION: We conclude that patients with schizophrenia fail to decode intentional violations of conversational implicatures. These results point at a dysfunctional pragmatic language use among schizophrenic patients.
Many women with mental illnesses would like to breast feed their infants. In light of the limited but rapidly growing data, it seems that in some cases the possible physiological and psychological benefits may outweigh putative risks. All antipsychotics are secreted into breast milk but the concentrations and effects vary. There is a subgroup of mothers with mental illnesses who want to breast feed their infants and who are receiving a single established antipsychotic drug (principally, haloperidol or chlorpromazine) at the lowest possible clinically effective dose. As a tentative conclusion, this group could experience benefits from being able to nurse which would outweigh the risk of exposing their babies to very small amounts of antipsychotic drugs. However, larger study groups with longer follow-up periods would be required to confirm this tentative conclusion. Those mothers who require 2 or more antipsychotic drugs simultaneously and those taking one drug, but at the upper end of the recommended dose range, should not be advised to breast feed. Safety considerations suggest that women taking atypical antipsychotics would be advised not to breast feed because of the limited experience with these agents. When mothers taking antipsychotic drugs do nurse, it is desirable to monitor drug concentrations in breast milk and in the infants themselves. Close monitoring of the infant is essential.