[History of the professionalization of modern clinical pharmacy].
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Clinical Medicine↗
Biomedical subjects
M Tatsuno
Publications and source records attributed to M Tatsuno.
Central nervous system disease in a child with primary Sjögren syndrome.
A 9-year-old girl had hemiparesis, and a diagnosis of primary Sjögren syndrome was made. The neurologic dysfunction was multifocal, involving both the brain and spinal cord, and was recurrent; the findings mimicked multiple sclerosis. Corticosteroid treatment during episodes of acute neurologic dysfunction appeared to be beneficial.
Brain↗
The analysis of cocaine and its metabolites by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS).
The method for simultaneous determination of cocaine and its four metabolites (benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, ecgonine and norcocaine) in urine by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS) was studied. The mass spectra showed the quasi-molecular ions, [M+H]+ as the base peak. LC/APCI-MS analysis was performed by focusing the characteristic ions at m/ = 186, 290, 200, 304 and 290 for ecgonine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaine and norcocaine, respectively. Cocaine and its four metabolites were well separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The recoveries of cocaine and its metabolites from the spiked urine were 40.3-94.7% by solid-phase extraction with two type cartridges (Bond Elut Certify and Bond Elut SCX).
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
[History of professionalization of modern clinical pharmacist (3). The birth of clinical medicine and clinical pharmacy].
At the end of eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century clinical medical and clinical pharmaceutical teaching was organized according to the reformation of the medical system in French Republic. Michel Foucault said in the book "Naissance de la clinique." -- "To all appearance, it was simply reviving, as the only possible way of salvation, the clinical trandition that had been developed in the 18-century. But it was fundamental experience, because, unlike the 18-century clinic, it is not a question of an encounter, after the event, of a previously formed experience and an ignorance to be dissipated. It is a question, in the absence of any previous structure, of a domain in which truth teaches itself, and, in exactly the same way, offers itself to the gaze of both the experienced observer and the naïve apprentice; for both, there is only one language: the hospital, in which the series of patients examined is itself a school."--(M. Foucault, 1963) Clinical pharmaceutical teaching started in the central pharmacy and in the hospital pharmacies in Paris with the rule of 4. ventose in year X. This was the birth of Clinical Pharmacy Practice as a new fundamental experience in France.
Clinical Medicine↗
[History of professionalization of modern clinical pharmacist (1): pharmaceutical practices in hospice before the French Revolution].
The times around the French Revolution, as E. H. Ackerknecht pointed out, were especially epochmaking in that "the clinical medicine" or 'medicine in the hospital' was born and bred through the days by discarding the medicine of court physicians and the metaphysical medicine that had been dominant for centuries until then. This change is, therefore, very important from the viewpoints of sociopolitical, cultural and medical histories. The medicine practised and taught mainly in Paris in those days based politically on the newborn nationalistic centralization; technically on pathologicoanatomy and biostatistics; and conceptually on the modern medical epistemologoy that made it possible to abstract and see a 'disease' from the sick by observation, description and classification of their common signs and symptoms, and then to ignore a suffering specific to each individual patient instead. Thus those who could believe in the être (entity) of a 'disease' the clinical medicine made it 'visible' were trained for medical professionals such as modern physicians, surgeons and clinical pharmacists, which finally realized the professional monopolization of the medicine. The aim of this paper is to report and analyze the historical process how there came out the modern clinical pharmacist who was permitted by the nation as the only occupation to deal in ethical drugs in the hospital, while excluding many other people who had been treating 'traditional medicines' from the modern pharmacies of hospitals.
Clinical Medicine↗
[History of professionalization of modern clinical pharmacist (2): reformation of medical systems before and after the French Revolution].
Paradoxically the medical reformation at the French Revolution is based on two concepts; one was the free medical and pharmaceutical practices without professional licence and another was the nationalistic centralization. The newborn nationalistically centralized institution was applied simultaneously in the field of politics and modern medicine. The physicians of "Société Royale de Médecine" started to investigate the epidemic diseases all over France in 1778. After the French Revolution, it soon developed into a larger public organization that represented the knowledge of medicine and the collegiate mind of the Société shared among the practicioners.
Clinical Medicine↗
Color Doppler flow imaging of CSF flow in an infant with intraventricular hemorrhage.
Evaluation of CSF flow was performed by means of the color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) technique. The motion of CSF was examined in an infant with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). With the aid of CDFI, CSF flow in the aqueduct, 3rd ventricle and foramen of Monro could be demonstrated. CSF flow in both upward and downward directions was clearly visualized, primarily reflecting cardiac pulsation and respiration. When he was subjected with intermittent positive pressure ventilation, during inspiration there was upward flow in the aqueduct, while during expiration there was downward flow. Our experience indicates that CDFI is a useful technique for examining the CSF circulation in infants with IVH.
Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
[A case of nemaline myopathy with multicore structure].
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Biopsy↗
[Cerebral blood flow dynamics in neonates].
An accurate and safe method for measuring cerebral blood flow in infants is important to the study of neonatal neurology. The use of Doppler ultrasound for the assessment of neonatal cerebral circulation has a great potential, because it is non-invasive and portable. The advantages of the technique have allowed it to be widely used. Doppler ultrasound has been used for the assessment of newborn cerebral hemodynamics by a number of groups for various pathophysiological conditions. The factors influencing the cerebral blood flow velocity include cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular resistance and the diameter of the vessel. It is important to understand how physiological variables influence changes in the cerebral blood flow velocity in infants with neurological problems.
Blood Flow Velocity↗
Analysis of methylbenactyzium bromide in human urine by thin-layer chromatography and pyrolysis gas chromatography.
A rapid and simple method of utilizing thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and pyrolysis gas chromatography (PyGC) for the identification and determination of methylbenactyzium bromide in human urine was studied in this report. Methylbenactyzium bromide was extracted from urine with ODS-cartridge (Sep-Pak C18), then spotted onto a silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate. After development, the separated spot of methylbenactyzium bromide was scraped and wrapped with a ferromagnetic foil without extraction by any organic solvents. The sample was applied into PyGC analysis. The optimum temperature for pyrolysis was 590 degrees C. The main degradation product of methylbenactyzium bromide was identified as diphenylmethane in this procedure by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A calibration graph prepared by absolute calibration method showed a good linearity over the concentration range of 1-75 micrograms/spot for methylbenactyzium bromide. The coefficient of variation obtained for eleven replicate analyses of the 3 micrograms/spot of standard methylbenactyzium bromide was 3.8%. The detection limit of this compound by this procedure was 0.1 micrograms/spot.
Calibration↗
The analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds in human urine by direct inlet electron impact ionization mass spectrometry.
An accurate and rapid screening test for nine quaternary ammonium compounds (suxamethonium chloride, pancuronium bromide, ambenonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, distigmine bromide, methylbenactyzium bromide, neostigmine bromide, propantheline bromide and pyridostigmine bromide) by direct inlet electron impact ionization mass spectrometry (DI/EI-MS) was investigated. Each compound was extracted from urine as an ion pair with KI3 into dichloromethane. The reliability of the identification of these compounds was verified by the mass chromatographic analysis of their characteristic fragment ions. The analysis of these drugs by DI/EI-MS could be performed within 5 min. The detection limits were between 20-150 ng/ml for the nine compounds. This method appears to be efficient, rapid and suitable as a screening procedure for the quaternary ammonium compounds found in urine.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
Continuous comparison of cerebral blood flow velocity and volume on hypoxia.
Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in the basilar artery, monitored by Doppler sonography, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the parietal cortex, monitored by Laser Doppler flowmetry, were continuously recorded and compared during and after hypoxic loading with nitrogen (N2) or carbon dioxide (CO2). On severe hypoxic loading (10% O2) of N2, CBFV and CBF increased with an increase in blood pressure (BP). On the other hand, with 18% and 15% O2 with CO2, CBFV and CBF increased with BP. However, there was a difference between CBF and CBFV in the recovery stage. CBF continued to be elevated for a long time, while CBFV rapidly normalized after loading. With 10% O2 with CO2, CBFV, CBF and BP decreased at first, and then increased during loading. Also, the difference between CBF and CBFV in the recovery stage being more definite. Thus, on continuous measurement, CBFV shows similar changes to CBF in response to hypoxia. However, CBFV shows different changes from CBF in association with dilatation or constriction of cerebral vessels. Resistance index (RI) shows different changes and have a different significance from CBF and CBFV.
Animals↗
[A longitudinal study of blood flow velocities in the anterior cerebral artery and the internal cerebral vein in the neonatal period].
Flow velocities in the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and the internal cerebral vein (ICV) were studied by a Doppler ultrasound technique. A longitudinal study was undertaken on 59 newborn infants during the first month of life. The newborn infants were classified into 3 groups: 22 term infants, 21 preterm infants, and 16 very low birth weight infants. A rapid linear increase of flow velocities was found in the ACA in the first month of life with higher velocities in neonates of higher birth weight. The index of resistance was not significantly different among the 3 groups. A linear increase of flow velocities was also found in the ICV in the same period. The velocities in the ICV were correlated with those in the ACA. These data suggest that the increasing velocities probably reflect the increasing cerebral blood flow during the first month of life.
Blood Flow Velocity↗
The use of two-dimensional Doppler sonography (color Doppler) in the diagnosis of hydranencephaly.
Hydranencephaly, first described by Cruveilhier, may be defined as a rare condition in which the cerebral hemispheres are replaced by membranous sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebral angiography is especially useful in differentiating hydranencephaly and severe hydrocephalus, massive subdural hygromas and alobar holoprosencephaly, but it is no better than other neuroradiological diagnosis methods in the neonate. This report outlines the diagnostic use of two-dimensional Doppler (color Doppler) in a child with hydranencephaly. Color Doppler was performed using an SSA-270A (Toshiba) with a 3.75 MHz phase-array sector scanning probe and no sedation. In this study, color Doppler demonstrated the internal carotid artery in the proximal portion, but the secondary and tertiary branches were not observed. In summary, color Doppler permitted early, easy diagnosis of hydranencephaly. In addition, the use of color Doppler was beneficial in diagnosing other anomalies of the central nervous system in neonates.
Blood Flow Velocity↗
[Cerebral blood flow in infants: comparison of carotid blood flow and cerebral blood velocity].
Carotid blood was measured with a ultrasonic volume flow meter in 38 infants. The carotid blood flow was 1.50 +/- 0.55 ml/sec. At the same time peak systolic flow velocity, mean blood velocity, end diastolic velocity, pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) in the middle and anterior cerebral arteries were measured by duplex Doppler scanning. There was a correlation between the carotid blood flow and the mean blood velocity in middle and anterior cerebral arteries. However, PI and RI were not well correlated with carotid blood flow.
Blood Flow Velocity↗
Intracranial vessels with color Doppler echoencephalography in infants.
A technique for imaging of the intracranial vessels in infants was described, which used high resolution, commercially available, color Doppler ultrasonography (real-time two-dimensional Doppler). On 12 normal infants, serial scans were obtained in sagittal, coronal, and axial plains. A large number of intracranial arteries and veins could be clearly demonstrated in real-time, including anterior cerebral artery, pericallosal artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, basilar artery, communicating artery, internal cerebral vein, inferior and superior sagittal sinuses, great cerebral vein, straight sinus, occipital sinus and transverse sinus. In conclusion, color Doppler examination is useful in the detection of vessels in infants and in the measurement of intracranial blood flow velocity.
Brain Diseases↗
[Primitive feeding reflexes of premature infant].
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Feeding Behavior↗
Isolation of cDNA clones of human argininosuccinate lyase and corrected amino acid sequence.
In the present study, we isolated clones of human argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) cDNA from a liver cDNA library using a clone of rat ASL cDNA and analyzed human ASL cDNA nucleotide sequence. The results reveal that the sequence of human ASL cDNA published by O'Brien et al. in 1986 [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 83, 7211-7215] had one-base deletions at three independent positions in the coding regions near the COOH-terminus, which caused frame-shift variations in the amino acid sequence. Amino acid sequencing of peptides prepared from purified human liver ASL showed our predicted amino acid sequence to be correct.
Amino Acid Sequence↗