Control of health-care costs. Targeting and coordinating the economic incentives.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to M T Rabkin.
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We describe an approach to health care in the inner city: a multidisciplinary system of physicians and mid-level practitioners that provides individualized care to chronically ill, elderly, homebound, and nursing-home residents of urban Boston who would otherwise be forced into an inappropriate reliance on teaching hospitals. Linked to four neighborhood health centers, three home-care programs, and a teaching hospital, and financially self-supporting except for the home-care component, the system cared for 3000 ambulatory, 280 homebound, and 358 nursing-home patients in the representative year described. In-hospital use, particularly hospital days, was reduced when judged by existing data for comparable (though not identical) populations. Based on stable physician practices, the system offers a workable approach to the related problems of care, manpower, and cost in the urban core.
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The crisis in health care costs in being attributed primarily to hospitals although it has many causes and sources. Moreover, it typically is viewed simply as being one industry's inflation even though it affects, and is affected by, finances and spending in many other sectors of society and the economy.
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Using their own experience in an urban hospital of national reputation, the authors describe and illustrate some of the background issues for long-range planning decisions pointing out that managers must steer a clear course among a number of internal and external pressures. The expectations of trustees, philanthropists, reimbursing agencies, the university, medical staff, patients and the surrounding community may sometimes be at odds. Managers can use long-range planning as a tool to ease the hospital into changing modes of operation and to achieve, over a time, a smoother interaction among their several constituencies.
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Hospitals have become major providers of primary medical care by default rather than design because of the decreasing availability of primary physicians in community practice. In 1972, Beth Israel Hospital in Boston closed its traditional general clincs and estblished a primary-care group practice--Beth Israel Ambulatory Care. The practice is staffed by teams of full-time salaried physicians, other health professionals and paraprofessionals, house staff and medical students. More than 25 per cent of patient visits are managed by nonphysicians. Subspecialty clinics have been relieved of primary-care case loads and limited to referral and consultative functions. In 1973-74, the cost per visit was $20.32. Patient-visit volume in primary care has increased from a figure of 29,144 in 1971-72 to 41,650 in 1973-74. Broken appointments have declined by one third.
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