Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

M T Goodman

Publications and source records attributed to M T Goodman.

46 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

A case-control study of factors affecting the development of renal cell cancer.

A hospital-based case-control study was conducted between 1977 and 1983 of 189 men and 78 women with renal cell carcinoma at 18 hospital centers in six US cities and an equal number of controls matched on the basis of hospital, sex, race, age (+/- 5 years), and time of admission (+/- 12 months). Quetelet index (weight/height2) was found to be associated with renal cell cancer in both men and women. Crude odds ratios (ORs) for individuals in the upper tertile of the Quetelet index distribution (28 or more) were calculated to be 2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5-5.9) among men and 2.4 (95% CI = 1.2-6.8) among women compared to the lowest tertile. This relationship was found to be independent of the effects of cigarette smoking, chewing tobacco use, and decaffeinated coffee consumption. The use of chewing tobacco among men was positively associated with disease (OR = 4.0; 95% CI = 1.2-12.9). This was due primarily to a significant interaction between chewing tobacco use and cumulative cigarette smoking. The fitted odds ratio for persons who chewed tobacco and had 30 pack-years of cigarette smoke exposure, compared to never users of either tobacco product, was 26.0 (95% CI = 4.4-153.0) after adjusting for Quetelet index and decaffeinated coffee use. The odds ratio for decaffeinated coffee consumption among men and women combined was 1.9 (95% CI = 1.0-3.8) after controlling for other risk factors. A consistent dose-response was not found, however, by number of cups of decaffeinated coffee consumed per day. Those drinking 1-2 cups had an odds ratio of 2.0 while those drinking 3 cups or more per day had an odds ratio of 1.3, thus casting doubt on a causal interpretation of the finding. Alcohol drinkers had a lower, although not significantly different, rate of renal cell cancer than did never drinkers when the data were examined separately by sex. However, combining the data for both sexes yielded a crude odds ratio of 0.6 (95% CI = 0.4-1.0) for this association. There was no independent effect of tobacco smoking on the odds ratio for renal cell cancer. No significant differences between cases and controls were found for either the amount or duration of artificial sweetener use or the lifetime consumption of saccharin. Beverages such as caffeinated coffee, soft drinks, and tea, in addition to physical activity and occupation, were unrelated to the occurrence of disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Lung cancer etiology: challenges of the future.

The 1982 Report of the Surgeon General of the U.S. Public Health Service concluded that "cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer mortality in the United States" and that "85 percent of lung cancer cases are due to smoking". Thus, major emphasis should be placed on school health education programs designed to prevent young people from smoking. Those students who are already cigarette smokers should be provided with an opportunity to attend smoking cessation courses with the hope that they stop. However, as long as society condones tobacco usage, millions of people will smoke, and millions of others will be involuntarily exposed to tobacco smoke. In this communication we have discussed the need for future research on the etiology of lung cancer. This includes the observation of a shift toward an increasing proportion of adenocarcinoma compared to squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in men, more detailed knowledge of the effects of macro- and micronutrients in the etiology of lung cancer, a clear delineation of the impact of tumor initiators, tumor promoters, and cocarcinogens in the development of lung cancer in cigarette smokers, and a study of the effects of the low-yield cigarette on the lung cancer risk of smokers. Finally, we reviewed the present knowledge as to the possible association of passive smoke exposure and lung cancer. Here we have placed major emphasis on the need for a close cooperation between epidemiologists and clinical biochemists in risk assessment.

Diet↗
PubMed1984

Demographic aspects of the low-yield cigarette: considerations in the evaluation of health risk.

Control data from a large-scale case-control study of tobacco-related diseases were analyzed to characterize variables associated with cigarette preference (or type of cigarette smoked). Age, sex, race, education, and religion were found to have a strong influence on the choice of cigarette according to tar and nicotine yield. Data on the amount and duration of cigarette smoking also were evaluated by brand history to determine whether tar yield was associated with these variables. Women smoking cigarettes in the low-tar categories tended to smoke fewer cigarettes per day than women smoking cigarettes in the higher tar categories. A similar trend was not found for men. As might be expected, only 2% of the men and 3% of the women over the age of 40 smoked low-tar cigarettes (less than 10 mg tar) for 10 years or more.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Post-term pregnancy. I.

The perinatal mortality and morbidity of 185 post-term pregnancies managed by weekly trial inductions starting at 42 weeks' gestation were compared to those of 119 post-term pregnancies with spontaneous labor before a trial induction was accomplished. One stillbirth occurred in the spontaneous labor group and one in the induced group. There was no statistical difference in the maternal or fetal morbidity in terms of bradycardia in labor, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, meconium aspiration, 1-minute Apgar scores less than 4, macrosomia (more than 4000 g), neonatal pneumonia, and the incidence of cesarean section. This retrospective analysis suggests that standard clinical management is sufficient to assure optimal perinatal outcome in post-term pregnancies.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk factors for primary breast cancer in Japan: 8-year follow-up of atomic bomb survivors.

BACKGROUND: Findings from the Life Span Study (LSS) of the health effects of exposure to atomic bomb radiation have documented a strong dose-response relation between radiation exposure and breast cancer incidence. PURPOSE: We analyzed data from the LSS cohort to identify nonradiation risk factors for breast cancer and to determine whether these factors were independent of the effects of radiation on breast cancer occurrence. METHODS: Breast cancer incidence was ascertained among a cohort of 22,200 residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, who had completed a mail survey between 1979 and 1981 to study nonradiation risk factors for disease. During the subsequent follow-up period (average 8.31 years), 161 cases of primary breast cancer were identified through population-based tumor registries in the two cities. RESULTS: The risk of breast cancer was inversely related to age at menarche and weakly positive in relation to age at menopause and years of menstruation. A significant negative association of full-term pregnancy against breast cancer was observed, although the number of pregnancies beyond the first was not related to the rate of breast cancer in the cohort. Women having their first full-term pregnancy before age 30 were at decreased risk of breast cancer relative to older women, but there was no trend. A nonsignificant, positive trend in risk was associated with increasing weight and body mass (kg/m2). The risk of breast cancer among women with a history of estrogen use was 1.64 (95% confidence interval 1.02-2.64) and with diabetes 2.06 (95% confidence interval 1.27-3.34). It was not possible to distinguish among additive and multiplicative models of the joint association of radiation dose and various non-radiation-related exposures (age at menarche, full-term pregnancy, female hormone preparations) identified in this analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Nonradiation risk factors for breast cancer among Japanese atomic bomb survivors were consistent with those identified among other populations of women, although the prevalence of common risk factors was low. Reproductive factors and hormone use appear to act independently of radiation exposure on the risk of breast cancer among this population.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The association of diet, obesity, and breast cancer in Hawaii.

A case-control study of the association of dietary fat and animal protein consumption with breast cancer was conducted between 1975 and 1980 on Oahu, Hawaii. Data from this study were used to explore the relation of selected foods and the interaction of nutrients and foods with other factors, such as body size, age at menopause, and ethnicity on the risk for breast cancer. The sample included 272 postmenopausal breast cancer cases and 296 neighborhood controls. Study participants included Japanese and Caucasian women, aged 45 to 74, who were residents of Oahu. There was a suggestion of a positive-dose response relation (P < 0.01) between sausage consumption and the odds ratio for breast cancer. Significant odds ratios for breast cancer were also found for higher intakes (above the 50th percentile) of diary items, sausage, and all meats combined. The dose-response relation for nutrients and foods tended to be stronger among women with a high Benn's index (kg/cm1.5182) compared to women with a low Benn's index. In general, subjects with high dietary intakes of fat and animal protein who were in the upper 50th percentile of body size were at the greatest risk for breast cancer. However, there was no evidence for an interaction between the dietary variables and body size, ethnic group, age at menarche, age at menopause, or age at first birth that would affect the odds ratio for breast cancer. These data suggest that women with both a high intake of foods rich in fat and animal protein and with a large body size are at increased risk for breast cancer.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased plasma level of cholesterol-5 beta,6 beta-epoxide in endometrial cancer patients.

Plasma levels of alpha- and beta-isomers of cholesterol-5, 6-epoxides were quantitated in a pilot study of 9 women with endometrial cancer and 9 race- and age-matched control women by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Endometrial cancer cases had significantly higher cholesterol-5 beta,6 beta-epoxide levels than the controls (P = 0.01). The mean plasma beta-epoxide level was 0.71 +/- 0.46 ng/ml for the cases and 0.35 +/- 0.25 ng/ml for the controls. No significant differences were found between the plasma alpha-epoxide levels of the cases and the controls. Plasma levels of various carotenoids, tocopherols, and ascorbic acid were also quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography. An inverse correlation was present between the plasma levels of cholesterol-5 beta,6 beta-epoxide and cis-lutein/zeaxanthin (P = 0.01). These data suggest a possible role for cholesterol-5 beta,6 beta-epoxide as a biomarker of endometrial cancer risk. Further studies are warranted to investigate the possible association between the oxidation products of cholesterol and endometrial cancer and to determine the interactive role of antioxidants.

Ascorbic Acid↗