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Biomedical subjects

M Stuart

Publications and source records attributed to M Stuart.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Colonoscopy in patients with a family history of colorectal cancer.

Since 1982 it has been the second author's policy to advise all patients who have presented with a positive family history of bowel cancer and who are over the age of 30 years to undergo colonoscopy. In the period to August 1990, 600 such patients had at least one colonoscopy. Colorectal polyps or cancer were detected in 270 patients (45 percent). The incidence was essentially the same for the 171 patients with only second-degree relatives affected (43 percent), for the 194 patients with more than one affected relative (45 percent), and for the 429 patients with an affected first-degree relative (46 percent). Only the 55 patients with more than one affected first-degree relative had a higher incidence (67 percent). The incidence in the 136 totally asymptomatic patients was 36 percent but was 48 percent in the 464 with symptoms. In 37 patients carcinoma was diagnosed. Even in the 30- to 39-year age group there was a 29 percent incidence of polyps or carcinoma. Colonoscopic screening of patients with a family history of bowel cancer compares favorably with mass screening for breast cancer. It is currently advised that all patients over 30 years of age with a family history of colorectal cancer undergo colonoscopy on presentation and, if clear, every four years thereafter unless two first-degree relatives are affected, when it should be every two years.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Beginning reading with phonology.

Seymour & Elder (1986) investigated the reading of children in the first year of school and suggested that the first stage of learning to read shows little involvement of assembled phonology. The present study examines processes involved in the reading-aloud and printed-word comprehension of children in the second year of school. Use of assembled phonology was evident in the children's reading-aloud responses, and proficiency in its use was related to reading ability. Printed-word comprehension appeared to involve prior retrieval of a phonological code for less frequent words. Similarities between the processing systems for reading used by these children and by skilled readers were discussed, and related to the computational model of reading development proposed by Seidenberg & McClelland (1989).

Child↗
PubMed1990

Demonstration with [14C]2-deoxyglucose of brain structures involved in the masticatory activity of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus).

The different brain structures activated during mastication in the hedgehog were revealed using Sokoloff's 2-deoxy-D-[1-14C]glucose technique. Brain sections of animals having received an injection of 2-deoxy-D-[1-14C]glucose during mastication were compared with those of animals treated during calm waking. Only brain structures that presented a 20% increase in glucose consumption were considered. The greatest increases were observed in the bulbar parvocellular reticulum and the trigeminal spinal nucleus (+80%), followed by structures also involved in mastication such as the trigeminal motor nucleus (+73%) and the hypoglossal nucleus (+64%). Other activated areas, not directly involved in mastication, were for example, the area postrema (55%), the olfactory (44%) and visual cortex (41%). This study emphasizes the importance of the bulbar parvocellular reticulum during mastication.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among recipients of antibody-positive blood donations.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) transmission by antibody (anti-HIV-1)-positive blood components, and to determine the immunologic and clinical course in HIV-1-infected recipients. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: We retrospectively tested approximately 200,000 donor blood component specimens stored in late 1984 and 1985 for anti-HIV-1, and we contacted recipients of positive specimens to determine their serologic status. They were compared with both recipients of HIV-1-negative transfusions and healthy (untransfused) controls. Subjects were seen at 3- to 6-month intervals for up to 4 years for clinical and immunologic evaluations. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 133 recipients, 9 had other possible exposures. Excluding these cases, 111 of 124 (89.5%) were anti-HIV-1-positive (95% CI, 84.1% to 94.5%). The recipient's sex, age, underlying condition, and type of component did not influence infection rates. The cumulative risk for developing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) within 38 months after transfusion was 13% (CI, 7.5% to 21.6%). At 36 +/- 3 months after the index transfusion, seropositive recipients had lower counts of CD2+CDw26+, CD4+, CD4+CD29+, and CD4+CD45RA+subsets and more CD8+I2+ lymphocytes than did recipients of anti-HIV-1-negative transfusions. The CD4+ and CD2+CDw26+subsets changed the most rapidly. The absolute CD8+ count remained normal. CONCLUSIONS: Transfusion of anti-HIV-1-positive blood infected 90% of recipients. The rate of progression to AIDS within the first 38 months after infection was similar to that reported for homosexual men and hemophiliacs. Although most lymphocyte subset counts changed over time, CD8+ counts were constant.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Screening of selected male blood donors for p24 antigen of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. The Transfusion Safety Study Group.

BACKGROUND: The p24 antigen of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is sometimes detected before antibody (anti-HIV-1) is detectable in the serum of recently infected persons. This has led to the consideration of p24-antigen testing for routine screening of blood donors. METHODS: To estimate how many HIV-infected seronegative donors would be identified if p24-antigen screening was introduced, we tested selected donations from a repository of 200,000 serum samples from voluntary donors that was established in late 1984 and early 1985. The 8597 serum samples selected for p24-antigen screening were chosen because their donors had demographic characteristics known to be associated with a high prevalence of seropositivity. RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-HIV-1 antibodies in the 1984-1985 serum samples selected for p24-antigen screening was 1.54 percent--more than 100 times the 0.012 percent prevalence in present-day donations in the United States. The antigen was detected in 15 of 132 serum samples (11.4 percent) from donors who had already been confirmed as seropositive. No instance of confirmed positivity for p24 antigen was found among the 8465 seronegative serum samples. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the yield of screening for p24 antigen in volunteer donors to identify HIV-1 carriers would be negligible. We therefore recommend against routine screening with currently available p24-antigen assays.

Blood Donors↗
PubMed1990

Processing strategies in a phoneme deletion task.

The present study explores the factors underlying competence in a difficult consonant deletion task, using a sample of nine-year-old children whose development had been followed from the age of four. In particular it examines the factors governing use of phonological and orthographic strategies in the deletion task, and the relations between strategy use, current reading and spelling ability, and earlier phonological awareness skills. Processes in consonant deletion are then mapped on to current dual-route models of reading and spelling.

Awareness↗
PubMed1990

Factors influencing word recognition in pre-reading children.

Current theories of reading development (e.g. Frith, 1985) propose an initial logographic phase in which printed word recognition is based on salient visual features of the print. An alternative proposition (Stuart & Coltheart, 1988) is that phonologically skilled beginning readers might be able to set up word recognition units from their phonological analyses of spoken words, and their knowledge of correspondences between sounds and letters. Neither view is supported by the present study. It is shown in a series of experiments that phonological knowledge is indeed helpful even to pre-reading children asked to discriminate printed targets from distractors in an auditory-visual matching task. However, this effect occurs for non-words as well as words and pseudohomophones, suggesting the operation of a non-lexical rule-based system rather than the establishment of word recognition units.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1989

Cells of origin of histaminergic afferents to the cat median eminence.

The exact origin of histaminergic neuronal perikarya sending axons to the median eminence and posterior pituitary was investigated in the cat by using two colour double-immunostaining methods: unconjugated wheat germ agglutinin or cholera toxin as retrograde tracers combined with histamine (HA) immunohistochemistry. HA immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of HA-immunoreactive terminal-like fibers both in the external layer of the median eminence and neural lobe of the pituitary. The double-labeling studies further demonstrated the histaminergic innervation of the median eminence and neural lobe by a few HA-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya located in the posterior hypothalamus.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiologic background of blood donors with antibody to human T-cell lymphotropic virus. Transfusion Safety Study Group.

We interviewed 51 blood donors in four major US metropolitan areas subsequently found to have had antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (anti-HTLV) in late 1984-early 1985. Sixteen donors (31%) reported that they or a sexual contact had a history of blood transfusion. Twelve donors (24%) reported that they or a sexual contact used intravenous drugs. Ten donors (20%) were blacks born in the southeastern US. Four of the male donors (15%) reported homosexual contact. The most common characteristic was an association with Japan or the Caribbean basin (61%). These results show a broader variation of epidemiologic backgrounds than anticipated.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Zinc deficiency and eating disorders.

Decreased food intake, a cyclic pattern of eating, and weight loss are major manifestations of zinc deficiency. In this study, zinc status was evaluated in 62 patients with bulimia and 24 patients with anorexia nervosa. Forty percent of patients with bulimia and 54% of those with anorexia nervosa had biochemical evidence of zinc deficiency. The authors suggest that for a variety of reasons, such as lower dietary intake of zinc, impaired zinc absorption, vomiting, diarrhea, and binging on low-zinc foods, patients with eating disorders may develop zinc deficiency. This acquired zinc deficiency could then add to the chronicity of altered eating behavior in those patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Fibreoptic colonoscopy. Indications, results and complications.

Fibreoptic colonoscopy was commenced in the Edward Wilson Colon and Rectum Unit at Sydney Hospital in June, 1973. The experience of the first five years of its use is reported. Six hundred and twenty-six examinations have been performed in 568 patients. Fibreoptic colonoscopy has been of particular value in the diagnosis and treatment of colonic polyps. A total of 318 polyps were removed from 184 patients. Their distribution, size and histological features are recorded. Eight complications occurred in the 628 examinations (1.6%). There were six colonic perforations (1.2%) with one death, and two significant haemorrhages (0.4%). This incidence of complications is acceptably low, especially in view of the great benefits obtained by the patient from fibreoptic colonoscopy. The newer instruments, especially the medium length Olympus MB3 colonoscope, have greatly facilitated the examination and, combined with increasing experience, may significantly lower the incidence of complications in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Peritoneal nocardiosis: report of a case.

A case of primary peritoneal nocardiosis is presented. The patient died, despite prompt, aggressive and appropriate antibiotic therapy. Decreased patient resistance is suggested as the cause of the overwhelming nature of the infection in this case. The importance of administering prophylactic antibiotics on a long-term basis to prevent recurrence after successful treatment is stressed. Although nocardial infections are rare, they may become more common because of the current widespread use of immunosuppressive therapy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1979

Elective resection for diverticular disease.

A series of 119 patients undergoing elective resection for diverticular disease has been reviewed. The indications for resection were classified into two major groups--those with severe infections ("complicated" diverticulitis), comprising 58 patients, and those with minimal infections, comprising 61 patients. The majority of the resections were limited to the sigmoid colon (101 patients). Fifteen patients underwent left hemicolectomy, whilst three had total colectomy. Thirty-six patients (30%) had a proximal defunctioning stoma--18 prior to resection and 19 at the time of resection. Anastomotic defects were noted in 15 patients (12.6%), but these were of clinical significance only in eight (6.7%). There were two deaths (1.7%) and 17 wound infections (14.3%). The group classified as "complicated" diverticulitis included the great majority of the patients requiring colostomy (32 out of 37), almost all those with anastomotic defects (14 out of 15), and most of the patients who had postoperative complications.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Rectal prolapse.

One hundred and twenty-seven patients with complete rectal prolapse have been reviewed. The condition occurred more commonly in females than males (105 to 22), and at an older age in females (mean age 55 years compared with 40 years for males). Although the diagnosis is usually obvious, the importance of recognizing occult prolapse is stressed, especially in association with benign rectal ulcer, localized proctitis and colitis cystica profunda. Examination of the patient in the squatting position may assit in showing occult prolapse. Associated incontinence occurred in 33 patients (26%). Since 1971 the policy of this Unit has been to perform a Ripstein repair for complete rectal prolapse wherever possible. One hundred and two Ripstein repairs have not been performed. A minimum follow-up period of two years is available for 53 patients, of whom 50 (94%) have had their prolapse cured. Control of prolapse usually improves continence; however, seven (13%) remained incontinent despite surgery. The Ripstein repair is strongly advocated as the most effective operation for cure of complete rectal prolapse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Ileostomy reconstruction.

A study of 47 patients undergoing ileostomy reconstruction is presented. The most common indications were recession (15 patients) and a desire for a continent type of ileostomy (12 patients). Less frequent indications were stenosis (6 patients), parastomal ulceration (6 patients), prolapse (4 patients), unsatisfactory siting (3 patients), and parastomal hernia (1 patient). Refashioning of the ileostomy at the same site was possible in 17 patients, whilst repositioning at a new site was required in 30 cases. In 28 of these laparotomy was carried out to enable repositioning, but in two cases resiting was performed without laparotomy. After the original operation, reconstruction may become necessary at any time from a few months to over 20 years.

Adolescent↗