Computed tomography to predict hardness of bileduct stones before endoscopic lithotripsy.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to M Staritz.
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We report on two patients in whom balloon tamponade was applied for management of severe hemorrhage following endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST). In both patients after EST severe hemorrhage from the papillary orifice was treated by immediate introduction of a special balloon catheter (balloon catheter, model Mainz, Vygon, Aachen). In both patients after 10 minutes no further bleeding was visualized. We conclude that this simple procedure should be taken into account for the conservative treatment of severe hemorrhage following EST.
In 57 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) the magnification of the endoscope was determined by measurement of its diameter depicted on the X-rays. A magnification of 30.2 +/- 10.6% (mean +/- SD) ranging from 8 to 58% in individual patients was recorded. The clinical reliability of the method was confirmed by comparing the diameters of 13 bile duct stones assessed in-situ and after removal respectively. Although the magnification tended to be higher in obese patients, no correlation between body weight and the degree of the magnification could be established. Our data add further doubt to the reliability of the radiologic bile duct measurement if not referred to a reliable standard which can be easily provided by the endoscope. This is particularly important whenever therapeutic interventions are planned which critically depend on exact determination of diameters, like bile duct stone removal with or without endoscopic papillotomy, lithotripsy or introduction of transpapillary enthoprothesis.
Amoebic colitis rarely develops in patients who had not stayed in a country where amoebiasis is endemic. "Crohn's colitis" was diagnosed in a 33 year old female patient who never had stayed in such an area. The dramatic deterioration of the disease led to revise the early diagnosis. The reported case indicates that the conventional laboratory, endoscopic, histologic, and radiologic examinations don't prove the anamnestically unsuspected amoebic colitis. Since the correct diagnosis was verified by stool and serologic examinations, these should be performed in any doubt of a specific colitis.
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A prototype of a mechanical gallstone lithotripter is described. In vitro 29 gallstones were crushed without difficulty. After performing stone crushing in the common bile ducts of 3 corpses, the prepared ducts were not leaky and no damage to the tissue was observed. In 8 patients 10 common bile duct stones were crushed without complications. Mechanical gallstone lithotripsy has proved to be a safe procedure. With its aid the removal of small stones by endoscopic papillary dilatation has become possible. Large stones in patients with a high papillotomy risk can be crushed before extraction.
Attempts at percutaneous removal have been made in 13 patients with solitary and multiple intra- and extra-hepatic biliary duct stones measuring 5 to 30 mm. The stones were fragmented with a Dormia basket and the fragments removed transhepatically. In ten patients the procedure was successful, including one patient with multiple intra-hepatic stones. The procedure can be recommended for cases of calculous obstruction of biliary anastomoses or of stones which could not be removed by endoscopy, or where there is already biliary drainage being carried out, or in patients with a high operative risk. In two patients, dilatation of the papilla was also carried out, in four patients a stenosis was dilated and in a further two patients, dilated and in a further two patients, electro-incision of a stenosis was performed.
We describe an improvement of the ERC-technique by use of a balloon catheter in order to hinder transpapillary contrast medium flow. The procedure was successful in patients presenting with choledochal stenosis or papillary insufficiency after previous endoscopic papillotomy. Two out of 11 cases in which the complete opacification of the biliary tree could not be achieved by standard ERC-technique are reported. The application of this technique will reduce the diagnostic indications for percutaneous transhepatic fine needle cholangiography which is still the method of choice in certain therapeutic indications.
Endoscopic papillary dilatation (EPD) was performed by means of a balloon catheter in patients with common duct stones of a diameter up to 8 mm. Larger stones had to be crushed before extraction by a modified Dormia basket. The fragments could be removed subsequently using the balloon catheter. A patient with benign papillary stenosis was treated successfully by endoscopic dilatation of the sphincter of Oddi. Dilatation of the papilla offers a papilla preserving alternative to papillotomy in patients with common duct stones and in benign papillary stenosis.
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