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Biomedical subjects

M Snyder

Publications and source records attributed to M Snyder.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

The detection of antibodies to the glycoprotein X antigen of pseudorabies virus.

The persistence of antibodies to glycoprotein X (gpX) in the serum of pigs experimentally infected with pseudorabies virus (PRV) was determined using an anti-gpX enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibodies to gpX were detected for at least 365 days postchallenge in nonvaccinated pigs. Previous sensitization of pigs by vaccination with S/PRV had no apparent effect on the antibody response of pigs to gpX postchallenge. In determining previous exposure of pigs to PRV strains containing the gpX gene, the anti-gpX ELISA was highly specific, but its sensitivity was lower than the standard serological procedures currently used for detecting PRV antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Suspected acute coronary events in emergency room patients].

Identification of patients in whom chest pain is due to an acute coronary event is among the most challenging problems in emergency medicine. Because of the dangers of missing the diagnosis in patients with a possibly fatal condition, emergency room (ER) physicians often admit patients for 'observation' or 'to rule out MI.' As a result of such a policy, only 30-50% of such patients admitted to the CCU may finally be diagnosed as having an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), resulting in deleterious medical, psychological and economic consequences for the others. A series of 2280 patients who were referred to the ER was followed for 2 weeks. 1362 (59.7%) of those admitted were discharged; 16.1% were hospitalized in the CCU and 83.9% in medical wards. 95 (64.6%) of those hospitalized in the CCU and 97 (12.7%) of those admitted to medical wards had an AMI. The proportion of cases in which hospitalization was unnecessary was 10.2% in the CCU and 29.8% in the medical wards. Unjustified discharges from the ER were 4.3% of referrals. These data are similar to those reported from the USA and from our first study in 1969. It is hoped that by using a triage algorithm in the ER, differentiation between chest pain due to coronary heart disease and that due to other causes will be more accurate and therefore the demand on scarce resources due to unnecessary admissions will be substantially reduced.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Higher order structure is present in the yeast nucleus: autoantibody probes demonstrate that the nucleolus lies opposite the spindle pole body.

A panel of sera from 892 autoimmune patients was screened by indirect immunofluorescence on mammalian cells. Seventy-three sera were identified that recognize the nucleolus. Three of these sera appear to stain the nucleolus in yeast, suggesting that they recognize highly conserved antigens. These three sera also immunoprecipitate mammalian U3 snRNA-containing particles, which reside in the nucleolus and have been implicated in rRNA processing. Double immunofluorescence experiments with anti-nucleolus and anti-tubulin antibodies revealed a novel form of non-random nuclear organization in yeast. The spindle pole body and the nucleolus-both of which are associated with the nuclear envelope-preferentially localize at opposite ends of the nucleus. Organization of these and other components into specific regions of the nucleus may be important for optimizing their proper function.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1989

Prevention of amputation by diabetic education.

This prospective randomized study evaluated the influence of a simple education program on the incidence of lower extremity amputation in diabetic patients. Two hundred three patients were randomized into two groups: Group 1, education (103 patients, 203 limbs) and Group 2, no education (100 patients, 193 limbs). There were no significant differences in medical management or clinical risk factors between the two groups. The amputation rate was three times higher in Group 2 (21 of 177 limbs versus 7 of 177 limbs; p less than or equal to 0.025), the ulceration rate was three times higher in Group 2 (26 of 177 limbs versus 8 of 177 limbs; p less than or equal to 0.005), and there was no difference in the overall incidence of infection (2 of 177 limbs). Overall success in Group 1 was highly significantly different from Group 2 (160 of 177 limbs versus 128 of 177 limbs; p less than or equal to 0.0005). This study demonstrated that a simple education program significantly reduced the incidence of ulcer or foot and limb amputation in diabetic patients.

Amputation, Surgical↗
PubMed1989

The SPA2 protein of yeast localizes to sites of cell growth.

A yeast gene, SPA2, was isolated with human anti-spindle pole autoantibodies. The SPA2 gene was fused to the Escherichia coli trpE gene, and polyclonal antibodies were prepared to the fusion protein. Immunofluorescence experiments indicate that the SPA2 gene product has a sharply polarized distribution in yeast cells. In budded cells the SPA2 protein is present at the tip of the bud; in unbudded cells, it is localized to one edge of the cell. When a-cells are induced to form schmoos with alpha-factor, the SPA2 protein is found at the tip of the schmoo. These areas of SPA2 localization correspond to cellular sites expected to be involved in bud formation and/or cell growth. The SPA2 antigen is present in a-cells, alpha-cells, and a/alpha-diploid cells, but is absent in mutant cells in which the SPA2 gene has been disrupted. spa2 mutant cells are viable, but display defects in the direction and control of cell growth. Compared to wild-type cells, spa2 mutant cells have slightly altered budding patterns. Entry into stationary phase is impaired for spa2 mutants, and mutants with one particular allele, spa2-7, form multiple buds under nutrient-limiting conditions. Thus, SPA2 is a newly identified yeast gene that is involved in the direction and control of cell division, and whose gene product localizes to the site of cell growth.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1989

Genetic definition of two functional elements in a bacteriophage T4 host-range "cassette".

Gene 37 of T4 encodes the major subunit of the distal half of the tail fiber. The distal tip of the fiber, comprised of the carboxy-terminal ends of two molecules of gene 37 product (gp37), carries the principal determinant of the phage host range. The gp37 carboxyl termini recognize the bacterial surface during infection, and, in addition, include a site required for interaction with the product of gp38 during distal half-fiber assembly. In the absence of interaction with gp38, gp37 polypeptides do not dimerize. Eleven temperature-sensitive mutants with defects located near the promoter-distal end of gene 37 were tested at nonpermissive temperatures for production of an antigen that is diagnostic of distal half-fiber assembly. Six of the mutations prevent distal half-fiber assembly. The other five allow assembly of distal half fibers, which combine with proximal half fibers and attach to phage particles, but the resulting phage do not adsorb to bacteria. These two classes of mutations define two adjacent but separate genetic regions, corresponding to two different functional domains in gp37. These two regions and the neighboring gene 38 comprise a functional unit that can be considered as a host-range "cassette," with features that are strikingly similar to corresponding functional units in other unrelated as well as related phages.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed1988

SPA1: a gene important for chromosome segregation and other mitotic functions in S. cerevisiae.

Human autoantibodies that recognize the spindle poles of mammals, plants, and insects were found to recognize two antigens in yeast. One of these proteins, called SPA1 (for Spindle Pole Antigen), is antigenically related to the spindle poles of a diverse set of organisms. The gene encoding SPA1 was cloned by immunoscreening a lambda gt11 yeast genomic DNA expression library with autoantibody probes. Mutational analysis of the SPA1 gene demonstrates that it is important for cell growth, chromosome segregation, and other cellular processes; spa1 mutants are viable but grow poorly at 30 degrees C, missegregate chromosomes at an increased frequency, and often contain deformed spindles. A significant fraction of spa1 mutant cells contain two or more nuclei, and others contain none; these abnormal cells may arise through a nuclear migration defect. Thus SPA1 represents a new fidelity gene that is important for chromosome segregation and other mitotic functions.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1988

Genomic organization of tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes for two amino acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The genomic organization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes for two amino acids was investigated. Aspartic acid and serine were chosen for the study because of the number and diversity of their tRNA gene sequences and the availability of cloned tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase genes. Chromosome assignments were determined by hybridization to DNA gel blots of chromosomal DNA resolved by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis. Our results show that the tRNA and the cognate synthetase genes in such a family are dispersed and, therefore, cannot be regulated via a mechanism dependent on close proximity of genes. In general, the genome of S. cerevisiae contains randomly dispersed tRNA genes that are transcribed individually. We have supported and expanded this view by applying the facile method of contour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis to the investigation of these small multigene families.

Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases↗
PubMed1988

Movement therapy.

Nursing's holistic approach to patient care requires that nurses use interventions that promote holism. Movement therapy is one of a number of possible holistic interventions neuroscience nurses can use. This intervention helps persons to become aware of their bodies and to use the body for expressing inner feelings. Two techniques, creative dance and afspaending, are described along with suggestions for their use with neuroscience populations.

Exercise Therapy↗
PubMed1988

Transcription interferes with elements important for chromosome maintenance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Transcription directed into a Saccharomyces cerevisiae autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) causes high-frequency loss of minichromosomes. Conditionally stable artificial yeast chromosomes were constructed that contain an inducible GAL promoter upstream of ARS1. Under growth conditions in which the promoter was inactive, these chromosomes were mitotically stable; however, when the GAL promoter was induced, the chromosomes became extremely unstable as a result of transcriptional impairment of ARS function. This interference by the GAL promoter occurred only in cis but can occur from either side of ARS1. Transcriptional interference of ARS function can be monitored readily by using a visual colony-color assay (P. Hieter, C. Mann, M. Snyder, and R.W. Davis, Cell 40:381-392, 1985), which was further developed as a sensitive in vivo assay for sequences which rescue ARS from transcription. DNA fragments from the 3' ends of genes, inserted downstream of the GAL promoter, protected ARS function from transcriptional interference. This assay is expected to be independent of both RNA transcript stability and processing. Philippsen et al. have shown that transcription into a yeast centromere inhibits CEN function in vivo (L. Panzeri, I. Groth-Clausen, J. Shepard, A. Stotz, and P. Philippsen, Chromosomes Today 8:46-58, 1984). We identified two 200- to 300-base-pair DNA fragments flanking CEN4 that rescued ARS1 from transcription. Both of these fragments protected ARS from transcription when inserted in either orientation. The 3' ends of stable transcripts are encoded by fragments that protected the ARS from transcription, suggesting that the protection was achieved by transcription termination. It is suggested that protection of elements important for the replication and segregation of eucaryotic chromosomes from transcription is necessary for their proper function in vivo.

Chromosomes↗
PubMed1988

Giant cell tumor of the metatarsal.

The following is a report of a giant cell tumor of a metatarsal, description of treatment, and review of the literature. Giant cell tumors comprise approximately 5-8% of the primary bone tumors. Metatarsal bones are a very rare primary site of involvement. Clinically aggressive or benign behavior cannot be predicted histologically. Treatment should be aggressive, as in this case where en bloc resection and bone graft were performed. Results were excellent with 4 yr follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Relaxation.

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Anxiety↗