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Biomedical subjects

M Shapiro

Publications and source records attributed to M Shapiro.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Asymptomatic giardiasis in children.

Giardia lamblia infection was identified in 33 of 89 (37%) 3-month-old to 3-yr-old children who were followed with monthly stool examinations for up to 12 months in a day care center. The infection was mainly asymptomatic and usually associated with prolonged carriage of the parasite. There were no significant differences for height and weight achievements and mean hemoglobin values between Giardia-positive and Giardia-negative children. However, Giardia-positive children tended to achieve higher weight and height for age than Giardia-negative children; weight for age was above the 50th percentile in 69% of Giardia-positive vs. 40% of Giardia-negative children (alpha = 0.01). Giardia-positive children tended to have fewer symptoms related to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts as recorded by a weekly questionnaire. Lactase deficiency was detected by breath hydrogen testing in 8 of 26 Giardia-positive vs. only 1 of 21 Giardia-negative children (P less than 0.02). Healthy day care children with asymptomatic Giardia infection show no disadvantage and perhaps even an advantage in nutritional status and freedom from other illnesses.

Body Height↗
PubMed1989

Comparative Replication of Lymantria dispar Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Strains in Three Continuous-Culture Cell Lines.

We compared the replication of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) nuclear polyhedrosis virus in two new cell lines, from embryos and fat body of L. dispar, and in a previously available ovarian cell line. Three virus isolates (the Hamden strain [LDP-67] used commercially as GYPCHEK, a plaque-purified clone of Hamden [5-7d], and an isolate from Abington, Mass. [Ab]) were each tested on the three cell lines. The fat-body-derived cell line proved best in terms of occlusion body production for all three virus strains, with the highest yield produced by the Abington strain. On the basis of these results, we conclude that a more efficient in vitro production of gypsy moth virus can be obtained by using the fat body cell line in conjunction with the Abington strain of the virus.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiological observations in the AIDS clinic at the Hadassah University Hospital in Jerusalem.

Of the first 395 attendees at the AIDS clinic in Jerusalem, 32% were homo/bisexuals, 4% i.v. drug abusers (IVDAs), 24% persons with minimal risk for AIDS and 38% were persons having no risk. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody rates were 7% for homosexuals, 29% for IVDAs, 1% for persons with minimal risk and 0% for persons at no risk. Israeli homosexuals had a significantly greater risk for HIV infection (9 of 35) if they had sexual contact with non-Israelis as compared with homosexuals who had contact with local partners only (0/91, P less than 0.001). The mean number of attendees per month increased by 431% during the 4 months following the first prime-time television program on AIDS. The largest mean increases occurred among persons at no risk (1 to 27.2), those with minimal risk (2.5 to 16.5), and among women (1.25 to 20.0). This report indicates that HIV infection among Israeli homosexuals has not yet reached U.S. proportions. It also shows that the TV program raised anxiety concerning AIDS among the general public, and probably encouraged the public to use HIV testing as part of a general health screening program.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Ciliary body neurilemoma recurring after 15 years.

A 57-year-old white female presented with a recurring neurilemoma (benign solitary schwannoma) of the ciliary body 15 years after the primary modified iridocyclectomy. As neurilemoma are encapsulated, successful "tumorectomy" was twice accomplished with total anatomical and functional preservation of the globe. The pathological diagnosis of spindle cell tumors of the uvea is discussed.

Ciliary Body↗
PubMed1988

Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in premenopausal women by post-coital administration of cinoxacin.

A total of 21 sexually active premenopausal women, prone to recurrent urinary tract infections but who otherwise were healthy, underwent post-coital prophylaxis consisting of bladder voiding and a single 250 mg. tablet of cinoxacin. While 94 urinary tract infections occurred during a mean of 7.5 months before treatment, only 8 occurred during a mean of 12.5 months after prophylaxis. This difference was statistically highly significant. A mean of 106 cinoxacin tablets per patient were administered during post-coital prophylaxis. Cinoxacin represents an additional valuable and effective antibacterial in post-coital prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infection in otherwise healthy premenopausal women, although it is slightly less effective than cotrimoxazole or nitrofurantoin. Effective post-coital prophylaxis requires the use of much smaller quantities of antibacterial agents than the daily use of a single tablet and in women with a high incidence of recurrent urinary tract infections it is superior to intermittent self-administered antibacterial therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The Israeli Study of Surgical Infections (ISSI): I. Methods for developing a standardized surveillance system for a multicenter study of surgical infections.

The postoperative wound infection experience in 11 Israeli hospitals was investigated with two objectives: (1) to utilize the variability among hospitals for a better understanding of the determinants of these infections, and (2) to present surgeons and infection control teams with information upon which they can take action. This article summarizes the methods that were applied to maximize the uniformity of information obtained from hospitals. (1) The same kind of patients were sampled in every hospital. (2) The data collection system was standardized, and analyzed for errors. The overall error rate was small (2%) but there were potential problem areas, such as missing information on underlying diagnoses (12%). Few errors (1%) were found in the nurses' observations of the wounds. (3) All wound infections were diagnosed in a uniform manner by convening a panel of four specialists at the central Israeli Study of Surgical Infections (ISSI) office. (4) The definition of infection that was finally chosen for this multicenter study had to be broadened to include, in addition to pus, "discharge other than pus," because of the higher reliability among panel members. This definition was also clinically valid in terms of morbidity. (5) The rate of postdischarge infections was estimated and was not found to be related to the discharge policies in the various hospitals.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1988

Multiple sclerosis presenting as major depression: a diagnosis suggested by MRI scan but not CT scan.

A 43-year-old woman had melancholic major depression and mild incoordination. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed extensive lesions of the cerebral white matter that were not detected on a computed tomography (CT) scan. Since multiple sclerosis may initially present as depression, the differential sensitivities of MRI and CT scanning should be considered in deciding which neurodiagnostic studies should be conducted in depressed patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Physician response to informed consent regulations for randomized clinical trials.

To improve our understanding of physician reluctance to participate in randomized clinical trials, we examined physician responses to the regulation of obtaining written informed consent. Between June 1984 and February 1985 a purposive sample of 170 breast cancer specialists from eight countries completed a self-administered questionnaire and follow-up interview. The sample included 90 medical oncologists, 65 surgeons, and 29 radiotherapists. Responses to individual questions are presented in three global categories: (1) physician role--physicians believed that their view of their professional "self" was not compatible with informed consent regulations; (2) physician autonomy--physicians perceived a loss of individual decision-making power and an increase in professional accountability; and (3) physician-patient relationship--physicians stated that informed consent regulations influenced what they told trial patients and affected the ensuing doctor-patient relationship. Respondents developed complex methods to accommodate the incongruities they perceived between their view of their professional self and the need to obtain informed consent.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1987

Modulation of postdecapitation convulsions in rats by alpha-adrenergic and 5-hydroxytryptamine1A agents.

Postdecapitation convulsions were analyzed in rats after the administration of a variety of adrenergic and serotonergic agents. Drugs were selected on the basis of their relative affinities for 5-hydroxytryptamine1A, alpha 2-adrenergic and/or alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. The 5-hydroxytryptamine1A-selective agonists, 8-hydroxy-N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin and buspirone, significantly increased the duration of the convulsions. The alpha 2-adrenergic antagonists, yohimbine and corynanthine, had no affect on either the latency or duration of the convulsions. By contrast, each of the three alpha 1-adrenergic agents increased the latency and decreased their duration. However, the order of potency was WB 4101 greater than ipsapirone greater than prazosin and this rank order did not correlate with drug potencies for the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor as determined by radioligand binding studies. The high potency of both ipsapirone and WB 4101 in inhibiting the postdecapitation convulsions may relate to the combined effects of the drugs at both alpha 1-adrenergic and 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptors.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed1987

Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an asplenic man.

An asplenic man with no prior exposure to malaria was infected with Plasmodium falciparum on a visit to Kenya. The peripheral blood showed a parasitaemia of 5% and displayed all developmental stages of the parasite, resembling the asplenic simian model of malaria.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Hepatitis B virus produced by transfected Hep G2 cells causes hepatitis in chimpanzees.

We have reported that clonal cells derived from Hep G2 cells transfected with a plasmid containing hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA secrete spherical and filamentous forms of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), core particles, and virions into the culture medium. Here we describe the development of typical hepatitis in two chimpanzees following intravenous inoculation with the medium in which the transfected cells had grown. The liver biopsies from these animals showed characteristic lesions in parenchyma and portal tracts, more conspicuous at an earlier time in the chimpanzee that had received a greater number of virions. The amount of HBsAg in the serum of one infected chimpanzee increased with time after the initial inoculation and then decreased concomitantly with the appearance of antibodies against HBsAg and core antigens. HBsAg remained detectable in the other animal throughout the course of the experiment. The levels of hepatitis B "e" antigen in both animals peaked at week 5, signifying the acute phase of the infection. The activities of serum enzymes that are markers for necroinflammation also increased. The hepatitis HBsAg subtype of the virions isolated from the patient whose DNA was cloned and then used for transfection of the Hep G2 cells was the same as that found in the chimpanzees. Furthermore, the restriction enzyme analysis of the viral DNA isolated from the chimpanzees was identical to the cloned DNA. Thus, HBV DNA-transfected Hep G2 cells can support the replication of virions that, in turn, produce hepatitis in chimpanzees.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Determining the size of non-A, non-B hepatitis virus by filtration.

The approximate size of the H strain of non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis virus was determined by filtration through polycarbonate membranes. The accuracy and reproducibility of such filtrations were monitored by filtering selected reference viruses. These studies indicate that strain H, representative of the principal blood-borne NANB hepatitis virus, is 30-60 nm in diameter. It is therefore highly unlikely that NANB hepatitis virus is a retrovirus, as has been suggested.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Digoxin-like immunoreactivity: occurrence in three molecular forms and partial characterization.

Digoxin-like immunoreactivity (DLI) has been found in serum from subjects with a variety of physiological and pathological conditions, including uremia, liver disease, pregnancy, and the neonatal period. The physicochemical nature of this material is still not known. Using gel filtration chromatography, extraction with methylene chloride, and treatment with beta-glucuronidase, we determined that serum DLI exists in three forms: protein-bound, glucuronidated, and free, with respective mol wt of 5000, 400, and 230. In serum, DLI exists in the protein-bound and free forms, while in urine, DLI is found in the glucuronidated and free states.

Chemical Phenomena↗