Dexamethasone suppression test in patients with panic disorder and secondary depression.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
M Salamero
Publications and source records attributed to M Salamero.
Deficit in schizophrenia: the relationship between negative symptoms and neurocognition.
The aim of the study was to analyze the role of clinical and neuropsychological variables in the psychosocial functioning and evolution of negative schizophrenia. We examined a sample of 49 negative schizophrenic outpatients who were pharmacologically stabilized. The subjects were evaluated clinically with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), and neuropsychologically with a broad neuropsychological test battery. The correlations between all of the variables were studied and their predictive capacity assessed by linear regression methods. When the neuropsychological impairment criterion was established, we were able to distinguish two groups of patients with similar psychopathologies, but different neuropsychological and prognostic characteristics. Schizophrenic patients with neuropsychological impairment showed worse prognosis, worse evolution, and worse psychosocial adaptation than nonneuropsychologically impaired schizophrenics. Cognitive variables are statistically good predictors of evolution, prognosis, and adaptation. In conclusion, the negative syndrome of schizophrenia is neuropsychologically heterogeneous. Although negative patients present a similar clinical profile, their neuropsychological and prognostic characteristics may differ.
Adult↗
Executive function in patients with remitted bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and its relationship with functional outcome.
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have reported that differences in cognitive performance between schizophrenic and bipolar patients seem to be smaller than expected. Patients with schizophrenia have consistently shown frontal executive dysfunctions, but studies regarding executive abilities in bipolar patients are scarce and discrepant. As executive function has been associated with psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia, we wanted to investigate if such a relationship is also present in bipolar disorder and the differences between the two groups. METHODS: Executive function was assessed in 49 euthymic (at least 6 months in remission, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale < or = 8 and Young Mania Rating Scale < or = 6) bipolar and in 49 schizophrenic, residual-type (with at least 1 year without acute exacerbation and predominant negative symptomatology) patients, by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), FAS Test (COWAT) and Trail Making Test. Baseline clinical and psychosocial variables were controlled and psychopathology evaluated by means of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). RESULTS: The two groups showed a similar pattern of cognitive deficits in tests of executive function, except for the number of categories achieved in the WCST, which was significantly lower in the schizophrenic group (F = 7.26; p = 0.009). Functional outcome was predicted by the negative syndrome (PANSSN) and perseverative errors (WCST) in schizophrenic patients, and general psychopathology (PANSSG) was the best predictor of functional outcome in the bipolar group. CONCLUSION: Executive function was a good predictor of functional outcome in the schizophrenic group, whereas clinical variables were more predictive of the bipolar one. Patterns of cognitive disturbances in tasks of executive function are similar in both groups but quantitatively more marked in schizophrenia.
Adult↗
Prevention of inclusion body hepatitis/hydropericardium syndrome in progeny chickens by vaccination of breeders with fowl adenovirus and chicken anemia virus.
The hypothesis that an effective protection of progeny chickens against inclusion body hepatitis/hydropericardium syndrome (IBH/HP) can be achieved by dual vaccination of breeders with fowl adenovirus (FAV) serotype 4 and chicken anemia virus (CAV) was tested. Thus, 17-wk-old brown leghorn pullet groups were vaccinated by different schemes including single FAV (inactivated), single CAV (attenuated), FAV and CAV dually, or were not vaccinated (controls). Subsequent progenies of these breeders were challenged with the virulent strains FAV-341 and CAV-10343 following three strategies: 1) FAV-341 intramuscularly (i.m.) at day 10 of age (only FAV-vaccinated and control progenies); 2) FAV + CAV i.m. simultaneously at day 10 of age (all progenies); 3) CAV i.m. at day 1 and FAV orally at day 10 of age (all progenies). The induction of IBH/HP in these progenies was evaluated throughout a 10-day period. Both breeder groups vaccinated against FAV and those vaccinated against CAV increased virus neutralizing specific antibodies. Challenge strategy 1 showed 26.6% mortality in control progeny chickens and 13.3% in the progeny of FAV-vaccinated breeders. Presence of lesions in the liver of these groups showed no significant differences (P > 0.05), suggesting a discreet protective effect of the vaccine. Challenge strategy 2 showed 29.4% mortality in controls and 94% of chickens showed hepatic inclusion bodies (HIB). Single CAV vaccination of breeders did not demonstrate a beneficial effect, with both mortality and liver lesions resembling the nonvaccinated controls. FAV vaccination of breeders significantly reduced both mortality (7.4%) and liver lesions (26% HIB) (P < 0.05), providing protection against this challenge strategy. Dual vaccination of breeders with FAV and CAV proved to be necessary to achieve maximum protection of the progeny (no mortality and 7% HIB). Challenge strategy 3 produced no mortality but consistent liver damage in controls (96% HIB). In this case, both CAV and FAV + CAV-vaccinated breeders showed best protection results in terms of liver histopathology (8% and 0% HIB, respectively). FAV vaccination alone produced 24% HIB, similar to challenge strategy 2, demonstrating a lower protective effect.
Adenoviridae Infections↗
[Neuropsychological alteration in schizophrenia and its modification].
The main experimental works about neuropsychological impairments of schizophrenia are reviewed. The underlying mechanisms of the cognitive deficits are set in a framework of the limited capacity model. In second point, the current status of the modificability of the cognitive deficits and the clinical and psychosocial consequences of this deficits are presented. At least, neuropsychological rehabilitation programs are reviewed from a clinical point of view.
Cognition Disorders↗
[Long-term effects of the treatment with risperidone versus conventional neuroleptics on the neuropsychological performance of euthymic bipolar patients].
INTRODUCTION: An increasing number of studies point to the persistence of cognitive deficits in a subpopulation of euthymic bipolar disorders. Atypical antipsychotics represent an interesting alternative treatment compared with conventional neuroleptics, because the former might cause lesser affection of cognitive functions. The objective of this study was to establish, for euthymic bipolar patients who need long-term antipsychotic treatment, the neuropsychological and outcome (occupational functioning) differences between the patients treated with risperidone and the patients treated with conventional neuroleptics. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A sample of twenty RDC bipolar I and II patients were assessed by means of the SADS. All of them were euthymic (HDRS < 8; YMRS < 6) for at least 6 months and treated with antipsychotics. Patients who received risperidone (N = 11) were compared with patients who received conventional neuroleptics (N = 9) with respect to their neuropsychological profile. RESULTS: There were significant differences in Trail Making Test-part B (p = 0.038) and in occupational outcome (p = 0.024), favouring patients who were treated with risperidone. There were no significant differences in other neuropsychological tests, but the patients treated with risperidone tended to score higher in most measures of cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS: Among bipolar patients who need long-term antipsychotic treatment for preventing relapses, patients who receive risperidone show more cognitive flexibility and better occupational adaptation than patients treated with conventional neuroleptics.
Adult↗
[Depressive symptoms in dementia. The Cornell scale: validation of the Spanish version].
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Aged↗
[Aggressive behaviour in dementia. RAGE scale, validation of the version in Spanish].
INTRODUCTION: Aggressive behaviours are frequent in the different phases of dementia s evolution. These not only constitute a major problem for the families and the caring staff, but cause fatigue and bur out among them. As these behaviours cannot be predicted or understood, the carers experience very complex and anguishing situations. To avoid subjective factors, Patel and Hope designed and validated a scale named RAGE that can be easily used. OBJECTIVE. Adaptation and validation of the RAGE Scale into Spanish. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The scale has been translated, and then retrotranslated to guarantee the semantic equivalence. Afterwards it has been tested on a group of 60 patients (n= 60). All these patients followed the dementia criteria in DSM-IV and their behaviours were considered as relevantly aggressive by their carers. RESULTS: The total score reliability got an r= 0.93 Spearman coefficient. The internal consistency was determined by Cronbach s alpha (0.90) and the valiability test-retest, analysed by Cohen s kappa, obtained a range from 0.57 to 0.85. CONCLUSIONS: All these elements show similar data in comparison to the original scale validation and therefore this version can be considered adequate for Spanish speaking patients within the Spanish culture.
Aged↗
[Selective alteration of the declarative memory systems in patients treated with a high number of electroconvulsive therapy sessions].
INTRODUCTION: The reversible electrochemical effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on specific areas of the brain enable the neuroanatomical bases of some cognitive functions to be studied. In research carried out on memory systems, a selective alteration of the declarative ones has been observed after treatment with ECT. Little work has been done to explore the differential alteration of the memory subsystems in patients with a high number of ECT sessions. AIM. To study the declarative and non declarative memory system in psychiatric patients submitted to maintenance ECT treatment, with a high number of previous ECT sessions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 20 patients submitted to treatment with ECT (10 diagnosed as having depression and 10 with schizophrenia) and 20 controls, who were paired by age, sex and psychopathological diagnosis. For the evaluation of the declarative memory system, the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) logical memory test was used. The Hanoi Tower procedural test was employed to evaluate the non declarative system. RESULTS: Patients treated with ECT performed worse in the WMS logical memory test, but this was only significant in patients diagnosed as suffering from depression. No significant differences were observed in the Hanoi Tower test. CONCLUSIONS: A selective alteration of the declarative systems was observed in patients who had been treated with a high number of ECT sessions, while the non declarative memory systems remain unaffected.
Adolescent↗
[Assessment of frontal functions in psychiatric patients during maintenance electroconvulsive therapy].
INTRODUCTION: Previous studies on adverse cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) have not found any significant alteration of the frontal functions after an acute treatment course. This study aims to assess frontal executive functions in psychiatric patients during maintenance electroconvulsive therapy (M-ECT). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty two patients treated with M-ECT and 29 psychiatric patients never treated with ECT were evaluated with neuropsychological tests that assessed the following frontal functions: work memory, planning, cognitive flexibility, attention, visuomotor velocity, verbal abstract reasoning and phonetic verbal fluency. RESULTS: Multivariate global analysis did not detect significant frontal function tests differences between both groups. The M-ECT group only scored significantly lower on the FAS test, a test that measures phonetic verbal fluency. A significant correlation between number of previous ECT sessions and performance in the FAS was found. CONCLUSIONS: The M-ECT patient group presented a phonetic verbal fluency alteration that may also be associated to the previous number of ECT sessions. No significant differences in the other frontal functions were detected.
Bipolar Disorder↗
['Tower of London': mental planning, validity and the ceiling effect].
INTRODUCTION: The Tower of London (TL) is a neuropsychological test that is used to evaluate the capacity for planning. Different versions of the TL exist, including the classical version that presents certain psychometric problems (for example, the ceiling effect). AIMS: The aim of this study was to propose a new method of administering and correcting the classical version of the TL, thus increasing the mental resolution of the planning task through instruction, and varying the system of scoring in order to obtain a wider range of scores. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two versions of the TL were administered to two independent, counterbalanced groups. One of them was the one designed by Krikorian and the other was the one proposed for this study. To compare the two versions, Porteus mazes were administered in each group as a criterion variable in the study of correlations. RESULTS: Both versions correlate with the Porteus mazes in a similar fashion. The variances found in each group are statistically different and the coefficient of covariance is clearly wider in the group that received the version proposed in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Changing the instruction for the mental resolution of planning tasks does not appear to alter the TL. The changes introduced in the correction and the system of scoring of the version proposed for this study present wider variance, which means that the ceiling effect has been overcome.
Adolescent↗
[Gender differences in cognitive functions and influence of sex hormones].
OBJECTIVE: To review scientific evidence on gender differences in cognitive functions and influence of sex hormones on cognitive performance. METHOD: Systematical search of related studies identified in Medline. RESULTS: Women outperform men on verbal fluency, perceptual speed tasks, fine motor skills, verbal memory and verbal learning. Men outperform women on visuospatial ability, mathematical problem solving and visual memory. No gender differences on attention and working memory are found. Researchers distinguish four methods to investigate hormonal influence on cognitive performance: a) patient with hormonal disorders; b) neuroimaging in individuals during hormone administration; c) in women during different phases of menstrual cycle, and d) in patients receiving hormonal treatment (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, postmenopausal women and transsexuals). The findings mostly suggest an influence of sex hormones on some cognitive functions, but they are not conclusive because of limitations and scarcity of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: There are gender differences on cognitive functions. Sex hormones seem to influence cognitive performance.
Adult↗
[Effects of schizophrenic thinking disorders in the semantic organization of the memory].
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Adult↗