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Biomedical subjects

M Rowland

Publications and source records attributed to M Rowland.

At least 289 records · Page 16Linked to original sources
PubMed1965

Congenital non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia.

A family with congenital non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency was studied. Two females, heterozygous for the enzyme deficency, had evidence of a hemolytic anemia. The results of chromium-51 erythrocyte life span studies prior to, during, and after periods of primaquine administration suggested that the hemolytic anemia in these women was due to the presence of two populations of red blood cells in their circulation. One population had normal G6PD levels and a normal life span, whereas the other had diminished enzyme activity and a shortened life span.In vitro metabolic studies of the erythrocytes of a heterozygous female and a hemizygous male suggested that, in spite of G6PD deficiency, the synthesis and breakdown of adenosine triphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid was similar to that in normal erythrocytes.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Failure of passive zooprophylaxis: cattle ownership in Pakistan is associated with a higher prevalence of malaria.

To examine the possibility that domestic cattle kept in house courtyards might protect occupants against malaria through zooprophylaxis, parasite prevalence surveys were conducted of schoolchildren in Pakistani and Afghan refugee villages and analysed according to whether each child's family kept cattle. Parasite prevalence (15.2%) was significantly greater among children of families which kept cattle than among those which did not (9.5%). Comparison of prevalence between different villages revealed a positive correlation between parasite rates and the proportion of families owning cattle. The latter finding supports the prediction of the Sota-Mogi theoretical model that domestic animals can enhance rather than reduce malaria transmission when vectors are zoophilic, the infection rate low, and the human:cattle ratio high. All these conditions applied in the study area.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computerized radiology of the colon: a potential screening technique.

We report here a new technique, computerized radiology of the colon. This technique consists of digital radiography of the colon combined with colon CT utilizing only air as a contrast agent. This technique is capable of detection of very small polyps. It is also useful in the study of diverticulitis of the colon. Comparison between CT and radiographic air contrast barium enema is demonstrated. In one case, a 13-yr-old girl who underwent total colectomy for familial polyposis, the surgical pathologic findings are also shown. Future potential of the technique is discussed including use as a mass screening method.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A randomized controlled trial of insecticide-treated bednets and chaddars or top sheets, and residual spraying of interior rooms for the prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan.

Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a significant public health problem in many towns and cities of south central Asia and the Middle East, resulting in disfigurement and disability which warrants preventive action. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in 1997/98 amongst a non-immune study population of 3666 people in Kabul, Afghanistan, to compare the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), insecticide-treated Islamic cloth wraps (chaddars) used to sleep in, and residual pyrethroid spraying of individual houses for the prevention of ACL. Dosages of insecticide were: ITNs with permethrin, 0.5 g/m2; chaddars with permethrin, 1 g/m2; rooms with lambdacyhalothrin, 30 mg/m2. Cases of ACL were diagnosed on clinical criteria. At the end of the trial period (15 months) the incidence of ACL amongst controls was 7.2%, amongst ITN users 2.4% (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.2-0.5), amongst impregnated chaddar users 2.5% (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.2-0.6) and amongst residents of sprayed houses 4.4% (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.3-0.95). ITNs and impregnated chaddars were equally effective, providing about 65% protective efficacy, with approximately 40% protective efficacy attributable to individual house spraying. No significant differences for age or sex were found between new cases in the intervention and control groups. No serious side-effects were reported and interventions were generally popular; ITNs were the most popular, followed by residual spraying and then impregnated chaddars.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Refugee health in the tropics. Malaria control in Afghan refugee camps: novel solutions.

Malaria is one of the major communicable diseases to occur in refugee camps. Prevention of mortality by establishing good case management is always the priority. Various types of personal protection or vector control measures may be applied depending on local transmission conditions and stage of the emergency. The range of interventions applied in Afghan refugee camps, the factors influencing choice and the relevance to emergencies in other parts of the world are described.

Afghanistan↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pyrethroid-impregnated bed nets for personal protection against malaria for Afghan refugees.

A field trial of permethrin-impregnated bed nets (PIBs) was conducted in 2 Afghan refugee villages in Pakistan. Nets were issued to only 10% of families (= 1398 people); this simulated a situation in which bed nets are gradually adopted by villagers in Afghanistan. A further 10% lacking bed nets were selected as controls from the same villages. An initial survey showed that 86% of household heads were aware that malaria was transmitted by mosquito bites, but only 2% had used bed nets before. Trial families were encouraged to attend the village health centres if they fell ill. Microscopy records showed that, between July and December 1991, 22.4% of the control group became infected with Plasmodium vivax and 13.0% contracted P. falciparum while in the intervention group only 9.9% contracted P. vivax (relative risk 0.58, confidence interval [CI] 95% 0.49-0.68) and only 3.8% contracted P. falciparum (relative risk 0.39, 95% CI 0.29-0.53). A single treatment of the nets with permethrin at 0.5g/m2 remained protective throughout the 6 months' transmission season. 73% of families claimed to use their nets every night; members of families who claimed to use nets less regularly showed an incidence similar to that of the control group. There was no sex or age difference in net use or protective efficacy. Headlouse infestation rates were reduced in PIB users. Few nets were washed, given away or sold. The prospect for PIBs as personal protection appears good, despite people's lack of previous experience.

Adolescent↗