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Biomedical subjects

M Roth

Publications and source records attributed to M Roth.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Dream deferred.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1989

Avoidance behaviour and major depression in panic disorder: a report from the Cross-National Collaborative Panic Study.

Avoidance behaviour and secondary major depression are both frequent in clinical samples of patients with panic disorder. Their status is unclear: indicators of severity of panic disorder or indicators of separate psychiatric disorders. Among the data of the Cross-National Collaborative Panic Study (n = 1,168) we found that especially avoidance behaviour defines more severe states of panic disorder (earlier age at onset, higher frequency of panic attacks and higher level of psychopathology); co-occurrence of major depression is less clearly associated with more severe panic disorder. The results are compatible with the DSM-III-R concepts of comorbidity of panic disorder and major depression and of subtyping panic disorder by avoidance behaviour.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The definition of panic attacks, Part I.

Phenomenological data are presented for panic attacks and non-panic anxiety in 159 patients. Anxiety episodes of sudden onset tend to have greater severity, more symptoms, and shorter duration and some distinctive cognitive features. This cluster of features emerged from the analysis as characteristic of the panic attack. There were no differences between situational and spontaneous attacks nor are attacks occurring in depressed patients different from those in-patients who suffered from anxiety disorders. The ideas characteristic of normal anxiety are directed towards ordeals in the future. It is the immediacy of the anxious cognitions of imminent death, collapse or becoming insane that are characteristic of panic attacks. A definition of panic attacks is suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The phenomenological study of 90 patients with panic disorder, Part II.

This paper examines the nosological and aetiological relationships of panic disorder to the anxiety states and depression. The phenomenology is detailed from an unbiased sample of 90 cases selected, on the basis of meeting positive criteria for panic disorder, from 3 series of consecutive cases. Panic attacks were found to be only quantitatively distinct from non-panic anxiety. Truly spontaneous attacks, not preceded by anxiety-provoking cognitions, were uncommon. No unique association with agoraphobia was seen, other anxiety states and depression being common. Social phobia and generalized anxiety often preceded the development of panic disorder, as did some cases of agoraphobia. Depression was usually non-specific and secondary when only DSM-III MDE criteria were used. Significant neurotic traits were found, particularly anxiety, dependency and poor sexual adjustment. Panic disorder has multiple causal factors only one of which is a genetic tendency for panic attacks. While important therapeutically, panic attacks should not be given the primary place in diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[The "envelope" versus the biomechanical function of the spine].

As a continuation of argumentation presented in a number of previous communications, the author advocates the view according to which the developing spine and its neural content ["spinal cord-nerve roots complex"] are linked by an equally intimate morphogenetic relation like that existing between the brain and its skeletogenic envelope. A specific feature of the neurovertebral developmental relation consists in the fact that the elongated spinal cord-nerve roots complex is enveloped by its skeletogenic case both in the transversal and in the longitudinal direction. The matter is further complicated by lagging of the spinal neural growth behind that of the vertebral column. The development of the basic anatomical features of the individual vertebrae such as their length and width, the girth of the vertebral body as well as the shape of the intervertebral foramina cannot be understood without taking into account the gross developmental dynamics of the two main components of the axial organ, viz., of the spinal cord-nerve roots complex and of the vertebral column.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Do general practitioners miss dementia in elderly patients?

General practitioners and community nurses were asked to rate the likelihood of dementia for each of their elderly patients. Cases of dementia were identified by research psychiatrists using the Cambridge mental disorders of the elderly examination (CAMDEX), a new structured diagnostic interview. General practitioners correctly identified dementia as at least a possibility in 121 of the 208 cases found. Nevertheless, they mistakenly rated as demented several patients suffering from functional psychiatric disorders, in particular depression. Community nurses correctly identified dementia as at least a possibility in 64 of the 74 demented patients known to them, but they incorrectly suspected dementia in a greater proportion of instances. Both general practitioners and families appeared to have low expectations of what general practice has to offer demented elderly people. General practitioners should take the initiative in diagnosing dementia in very elderly patients who show signs of the condition. In some cases it may be secondary to treatable disorders, and in others all that may be required are understanding, support, and advice to families.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

A single amino acid change in the cytoplasmic domain allows the influenza virus hemagglutinin to be endocytosed through coated pits.

Through site-specific mutagenesis, three of the ten amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) were individually changed to tyrosines. None of these changes had significant effect on the rate of export, the rate of folding, or the antigenicity of the mutant HAs. However, one of these mutations, substituting tyrosine for cysteine at amino acid 543, changed HA from a protein that was endocytosed at a very low rate to a protein that readily entered coated pits, was internalized, and apparently recycled to the cell surface. Replacement of cysteine 543 with phenylalanine or serine did not increase the rate of internalization of HA. Phosphorylation of the mutant HA bearing a tyrosine at position 543 was not detected. These results indicate a specific and local role for the tyrosine introduced into the cytoplasmic domain of HA that is necessary for interaction of the protein with coated pits.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Molecular titration as a means of calibrating enzyme reference materials.

Active site titration provides a means of calibrating enzyme reference materials in molecular concentration units independent from the incubation conditions used in kinetic assays. Such reference materials may serve as primary standards for calibrating any kinetic assay using the same active site. Active site titration of aspartate aminotransferase has been done by fluorimetric measurement of the half-cycle transamination of the phosphopyridoxal form. Another promising approach is the stoichiometric titration with specific suicide substrates such as vinylglycine. Expression of results in molecular concentration units requires that both the primary enzyme standard and the enzyme as measured in blood plasma show similar turnover numbers and substrate specificity in the kinetic assay being used. This is best achieved with purified reference materials of human origin. If the assay in plasma measures the sum of several isoenzymes having different turnover numbers, then the calibration is no longer absolute but becomes method-dependent.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1988

Thymine dimer repair in fibroblasts of patients with dysplastic naevus syndrome (DNS).

Dysplastic naevus syndrome (DNS) is frequently observed in association with familial melanoma and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), but the role of UV-light in the development of DNS has not been elucidated. Previous work has shown that UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis is associated with the early loss of antigenicity observed in immunoassays using a monoclonal antibody specific for thymine-thymine dimers. We now show that the rate of loss of antigenicity, which reflects the relative amount of bound antibody, observed during the first 60 min following 10 Jm-2 UVC irradiation is significantly reduced (p = 0.02) in cultures of fibroblasts from 7 out of 8 DNS patients compared with the results from cells of a group of 30 healthy volunteers. This observation suggests an early event in excision repair is altered in the majority of DNS patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Quantitative whole-body autoradiographic analysis of the tissue distribution of orally-administered [14C]cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rats.

The cholesterol-fed rat model has been used to examine the distribution of radiolabeled cholesterol by whole-body autoradiographic and quantitative videodensitometric methods. Animals were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet for 7 days, and were subsequently killed at 3, 6, 12, 24, or 72 h following a single oral dose of [14C]cholesterol. Maximum blood and tissue levels were observed at 12 h, while liver and adrenals were the most intensely labeled tissues. Liver maintained consistently high levels over the course of the study, while activity in other tissues declined moderately by 72 h, indicating the long half-life of cholesterol radioequivalents in tissue. The results of these experiments suggest that autoradiographic examination of cholesterol distribution in animals treated with pharmaceutical agents designed to modify cholesterol absorption or clearance will be useful in providing supplemental or confirmatory information on the drugs' mode of action.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Anxiety, panic and phobic disorders: an overview.

This paper reviews anxiety, panic, and phobic disorders as they were described in landmark works, along with more recent epidemiologic studies of the disorders. The author discusses clinical syndromes of anxiety as outlined in the DSM-III: agoraphobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, simple phobic states, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, relating them to Phobic Anxiety-Depersonalization Syndrome and to earlier descriptions by Westphal and Benedict. The paper addresses the problem of delineating anxiety and phobic states from depressive disorders, with regard to diagnosis and treatment outcome. Various etiological bases of agoraphobia, panic, and anxiety disorders are suggested: heredity, life events and circumstances, family background and developmental history, the premorbid personality, and some psychological aspects. Several questions are explored on the relationships of agoraphobia, anxiety and panic attacks. For example, is agoraphobia a new disease or one stage in the development of severe chronic anxiety? Are the phobias of agoraphobia acquired by conditioning or learning? Are "panics" spontaneous or physiological? Are panic attacks the first event in the primary cause of agoraphobia? For future work the authors propose a reassessment of the prevalence of agoraphobia and related disorders, a more careful definition of the agoraphobic disorders, and thorough clinical investigation of the various treatment modalities in well-defined populations. The past twenty years' achievements in behavioural and pharmacological treatments for agoraphobia are briefly recapitulated.

Agoraphobia↗
PubMed1988

Isolation of a fragment of tau derived from the core of the paired helical filament of Alzheimer disease.

A substantially enriched preparation of Alzheimer paired helical filaments (PHFs) has been used as a starting point for biochemical studies. Pronase treatment, which strips off adhering proteins, leaves a resistant core that is structurally intact. This has been used to raise a monoclonal antibody that decorates the filament core. The antibody has been used to follow the extraction of two peptide fragments (9.5 and 12 kDa) by immunoblotting. The link between the PHF as a morphological entity and these peptides has been established independently by photoaffinity labeling with a chemical ligand to the PHF core. Sequence analysis of these peptides was used to design oligonucleotide probes for cloning a cognate cDNA, which leads to its identification as human microtubule-associated tau protein. The sequencing of the 9.5- and 12-kDa peptides shows they are derived from a conserved region of tau containing three repeating segments. Since these fragments have been copurified with the Pronase-resistant core and are only released by subsequent steps, the corresponding part of the tau molecule must be tightly bound in the PHF core.

Alzheimer Disease↗