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M Reinhard

Publications and source records attributed to M Reinhard.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Imaging procedures for giant cell arteritis (Horton's disease)].

This review article highlights several diagnostic imaging modalities in giant cell arteritis. Color-coded Duplex sonography is a relatively cost-efficient but strongly observer-dependent imaging modality. It may be difficult to distinguish inflammatory from atherosclerotic mural changes. Positron emission tomography with (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose is very sensitive in detecting extracranial involvement of large vessel vasculitis. However, it provides no information on inflammatory changes of the superficial cranial arteries. High-resolution MRI is a new observer-independent method that allows visualizing and assessing the superficial cranial arteries in high detail. Extracranial large artery involvement can be evaluated during the same investigation. At present, only single-center experiences with this promising but rather complex procedure exist. A comparative multicenter trial is about to be initiated.

Diagnostic Imaging↗
PubMed2005

Dynamic cerebral autoregulation in acute ischemic stroke assessed from spontaneous blood pressure fluctuations.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study investigates dynamic cerebral autoregulation assessed from spontaneous blood pressure (ABP) and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) fluctuations and its time course in acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: Forty patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were enrolled. Admission National Institutes of Health Stroke score was 6+/-4. Study 1 was performed within 22 (+/-11) hours and study 2 was performed within 134 (+/-25) hours of ictus. The final analysis comprised 33 and 29 patients for study 1 and study 2, respectively. Twenty-five age- and sex-matched controls were studied. ABP (Finapres method) and CBFV in both MCAs (transcranial Doppler) were recorded over 10 minutes. Correlations between diastolic and mean ABP and CBFV fluctuations were averaged, yielding the correlation coefficient indices (Dx, Mx). Transfer function analysis was applied to obtain phase shift and gain between ABP and CBFV oscillations. RESULTS: No disturbance of autoregulation was indicated by all parameters at study 1. Separate analyses for clinical severity, stroke side, and size did not reveal significant differences for the various autoregulatory indices at study 1 and 2. At study 2, MCA flow velocity was significantly increased on both sides, the autoregulation index Mx was slightly but significantly (P<0.05) worse on both sides in comparison to study 1, and phase showed a trend toward poorer values on affected sides. No significant differences to controls occurred. Clinical outcome in patients completing both studies was good in all but one patient. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic cerebral autoregulation assessed from spontaneous blood pressure fluctuations does not seem to be relevantly disturbed in early minor MCA stroke. At the subacute stage, slight autoregulatory disturbance may be present.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effect of carotid endarterectomy or stenting on impairment of dynamic cerebral autoregulation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Analysis of dynamic cerebral autoregulation (DCA) from spontaneous blood pressure fluctuations might contribute to prognosis of severe internal carotid artery stenosis, but its response to carotid recanalization has not been investigated so far. This study investigates the effect of carotid endarterectomy or stenting on various DCA parameters. METHODS: In 58 patients with severe unilateral stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy (n=41) or stenting (n=17), cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV, transcranial Doppler) and arterial blood pressure (ABP, Finapres method) were recorded over 10 minutes before and on average 3 days after carotid recanalization. Nineteen patients were additionally examined after 7 months. Correlations between diastolic and mean ABP and CBFV fluctuations were averaged to form the correlation coefficient indices (diastolic [Dx] and mean values [Mx]). Transfer function parameters (low-frequency phase and high-frequency gain between ABP and CBFV oscillations) were calculated over the same 10 minutes. CO2 reactivity was assessed via inhalation of 7% CO2. RESULTS: Before recanalization, all DCA parameters were clearly impaired ipsilaterally compared with contralateral sides. Phase, Dx, and Mx indicated early normalization of DCA after both endarterectomy and stenting. By multiple regression, the degree of DCA improvement was highly significantly related to the extent of impairment before recanalization. No significant change in DCA was found at follow-up. Ipsilateral gain and CO2 reactivity increased significantly less after endarterectomy than after stenting (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic cerebral dysautoregulation in patients with severe carotid obstruction is readily and completely remedied by carotid recanalization.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed2004

Complete biological dehalogenation of chlorinated ethylenes in sulfate containing groundwater.

The ability of dehalogenating bacteria to compete with sulfate reducing bacteria for electron donor was studied in microcosms that simulated groundwater contaminated with both chlorinated ethylenes and fuel hydrocarbon compounds. Results demonstrate that reductive dehalogenation of perchloroethylene to ethylene can proceed in the presence of > 100 mg l(-1) sulfate. The hydrogen concentration, which was 2.5 nM in the presence of approximately 150 mg l(-1) sulfate and in the absence of chlorinated compounds, decreased to 0.7 nM during the dechlorination of trichloroethylene and increased to 1.6 nM during the dechlorination of cis-dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride. With only sediment associated donor ("historical" donor) present, dechlorination of trichloroethylene proceeded slowly to ethylene (on a time scale of several years). Addition of toluene, a model hydrocarbon compound, stimulated dechlorination indirectly. Toluene degradation was rapid and linked to sulfate utilization, and presumably formed fermentable substrates that served as hydrogen donors. Dehalogenation was inhibited in soil free microcosms containing 5 mM sulfide, but inhibition was not observed when either aquifer sediment or 5 mM ferrous chloride was added.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

Bilateral severe carotid artery stenosis or occlusion - cerebral autoregulation dynamics and collateral flow patterns.

BACKGROUND: Bilateral severe obstruction of the internal carotid artery is a hemodynamically critical state. We aimed to (1) analyze dynamic cerebral autoregulation (DCA) in affected patients, and (2) to correlate DCA data with different collateral flow patterns. METHODS: DCA was assessed noninvasively by transfer function analysis (phase shift) of respiratory-induced oscillations at 0.1 Hz of arterial blood pressure (Finapres method) and cerebral blood flow velocity (transcranial Doppler) in 30 patients with severe bilateral carotid stenosis (> or =75%) or occlusion. CO(2)-reactivity was measured via inhalation of 7% CO(2). 30 patients with unilateral stenosis were recruited as controls. RESULTS: Patients with bilateral 75-89% stenosis had a virtually preserved phase shift. A pronounced reduction was found in bilateral critical stenosis or obstruction (90-100%). Patients with ipsilateral 90-100% and contralateral 75-89% stenosis had a significantly less severe reduction of phase shift on the ipsilateral side. CO(2)-reactivity showed a less marked reduction in patients with bilateral critical stenosis or occlusion. Phase shift was best if "Willisian" collaterals were present. Significantly reduced values were found if only secondary collaterals (ophthalmic artery, leptomeningeal flow) were detected. Poorest values occurred with recruitment of functionally stenosed "Willisian" collaterals. CO(2)-reactivity showed poor values with sole recruitment of secondary collaterals, whereas functionally stenosed primary collaterals did not show values as poor as for phase shift. Clinically symptomatic patients had significantly lower phase shift and CO(2)-reactivity values. CONCLUSIONS: DCA is severely impaired in bilateral critical carotid stenosis or occlusion. Sole recruitment of secondary collaterals and signs of a functional stenosis in primary ("Willisian") collaterals reflect insufficient collateral supply with a poor hemodynamic status. CO(2)-reactivity assessing the vasodilatory reserve and DCA represent different information for characterizing cerebral hemodynamic impairment. Determining transfer function phase might be a physiologically well supported approach for analysis of cerebral hemodynamic compromise.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Cerebral autoregulation in carotid artery occlusive disease assessed from spontaneous blood pressure fluctuations by the correlation coefficient index.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Estimation of dynamic cerebral autoregulation from spontaneous fluctuations of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) is an attractive monitoring option for cerebral hemodynamic impairment. We evaluated the correlation coefficient index method in patients with severe obstructive carotid disease and compared it with transfer function analysis (frequency domain approach to cerebral autoregulation) and CO2 vasomotor reactivity. METHODS: In 139 patients with severe unilateral carotid stenosis (>or=70%) or occlusion, CBFV (transcranial Doppler) and ABP (Finapres method) were recorded over 10 minutes. Correlations between systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and mean ABP and CBFV oscillations over 1-minute epochs were averaged over 10 minutes to form the correlation coefficient indexes (Sx, Dx, Mx, respectively). Transfer function parameters (phase shift and gain between ABP and CBFV oscillations) were determined from the entire 10-minute period. CO2 reactivity was assessed by inhalation of 7% CO2. RESULTS: The correlation indexes Dx and Mx were significantly higher ipsilateral to stenosis and increased with degree of stenosis, indicating increasing dependence of CBFV on ABP and thus impairment of cerebral autoregulation. Dx and Mx correlated moderately but highly significantly with transfer function parameters and CO2 reactivity and showed a good level of agreement in detecting pathological values. Patients with a small variance of the 1-minute source correlations of Dx and Mx showed clearly better correlation values. Transfer function parameters and CO2 reactivity but not Dx and Mx were significantly poorer in patients with symptomatic stenosis or occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: The potential of the correlation coefficient indexes Dx and Mx in detecting hemodynamic impairment in patients with carotid stenosis is comparable to that of transfer function analysis and CO2 reactivity testing. In future, a combination of various hemodynamic tests might help to identify patients at risk for ischemic events.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Comparison between color duplex ultrasonography and histology of the temporal artery in cranial arteritis (giant cell arteritis).

BACKGROUND: Duplex sonography of the temporal artery may be helpful in the diagnosis of cranial arteritis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The superficial temporal arteries of 36 patients with cranial arteritis or suspected arteritis were examined using both duplex ultrasonography (US) and biopsy. The data of these patients were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 24 patients (66.7%) with definite positive results using duplex (US) and Group B of 12 patients (33.3%) who showed a suspicious or negative ultrasonographic result. RESULT: In all patients of Group A, the histological findings corresponded with the ultrasonographic changes in the inflamed artery. - The characteristic ultrasonographic sign was a dark halo around the lumen of the temporal arteries. There was a high correlation between a bilateral halo found by US with an ocular involvement. Ten out of 14 patients with a bilateral halo (71.4%) showed a distinct involvement of the optic nerve or retina. - The characteristic histological signs were infiltration of the vessel wall by inflammatory cells, mainly lymphocytes. Group B: The biopsies of the superficial temporal arteries were positive in 8 patients (66.7 %), negative in 4 other patients (33.3%). CONCLUSION: Patients with a distinct halo, demonstrated by US, also showed corresponding pronounced inflammatory cell infiltration of the vessel wall. Patients with no ultrasonographic changes presented histological signs of initial inflammation such as isolated inflammatory cells around the vasa vasorum and/or in the adventitial layer.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Impaired dynamic cerebral autoregulation in eclampsia.

Eclampsia is frequently associated with brain edema, cerebral infarction or hemorrhage. Its underlying cerebrovascular pathophysiology is still poorly understood. We examined cerebral autoregulation by a non-invasive multimodal assessment in a 28-year-old primaparous woman with postpartal eclampsia. Transcranial Doppler sonography showed considerably increased cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) of all basal cerebral vessels. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated multifocal vasogenic brain edema. Using transfer function analysis, a severely decreased phase shift between respiratory-induced 0.1-Hz oscillations of arterial blood pressure and CBFV was observed, indicating substantial disturbance of dynamic cerebral autoregulation (DCA). In contrast, CO(2)-vasomotor reactivity of the right middle cerebral artery was only slightly reduced. We therefore assume that the cerebral arteriolar dysfunction in eclampsia leads primarily to an impairment of the autoregulatory mechanism that is followed by different degrees of arteriolar vasodilation. Because of its probably high sensitivity to hemodynamic disturbances, assessment of DCA might be of great value in early pre-eclampsia for risk prediction of cerebral arteriopathy and eclampsia.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Detection of very low-frequency oscillations of cerebral haemodynamics is influenced by data detrending.

Recent studies were investigated that report spontaneous oscillations of cerebral perfusion in the very low-frequency range (0.01-0.04 Hz), emphasising details of spectral estimation. The effects of different spectral estimation procedures were compared, using simulated and clinical data. It was shown that data detrending, as used in many studies, can lead to an artifactual peak in the very low-frequency region of estimated power spectra, indicating that the peak cannot be taken as evidence of physiological oscillations. A quantitative, reliable method is described that can be used to assess very low-frequency oscillations. Using the method, very low-frequency oscillations were found in ten out of 17 healthy adults measured with transcranial Doppler (average frequency, 0.021 +/- 0.007 Hz, mean +/- SD), confirming earlier findings based on visual inspection of data.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Challenging cerebral autoregulation in patients with preganglionic autonomic failure.

Intact cerebral autoregulation is essential to prevent cerebral hypoperfusion during pronounced changes in arterial blood pressure (ABP) in patients with autonomic failure (AF). It is still a matter of debate whether and to what extent cerebral autoregulation is disturbed in these patients. This study evaluates the interaction between cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and ABP during Valsalva maneuver (VM) and tilt-table testing in nine patients with multiple system atrophy including AF and in 14 age-matched controls. CBFV and ABP were recorded noninvasively using transcranial Doppler sonography and the Finapres device. Responses to VM were graded by the autoregulation slope index (ASI). Cerebrovascular resistance changes were estimated by the conventional ratio ABP/CBFV and by the dynamic pressure-velocity relationship. To challenge cerebral autoregulation further, tests were repeated under hypercapnic predilation of cerebral arterioles. During VM, CBFV reincreased in patients despite a pronounced ABP drop and showed an overshoot after the strain, thus, being similar to controls. The ASI was higher in patients than in controls ( p < 0.05). During 70 degrees head-up tilt, ABP dropped markedly, but the decrease in CBFV was small and did not differ significantly from controls. In patients, both tests were associated with a substantial decrease of the dynamic but not of the conventional pressure-velocity relationship. Under hypercapnia, the CBFV response in patients remained unchanged. We conclude that 1). cerebral arterioles have the capacity for adequate vasodilation during ABP drops in patients with AF and that this ability is still present under hypercapnic predilation. 2). The mechanism of cerebral autoregulation in itself does not seem to be affected by the AF but is rather well exercised. 3) The VM presents, in addition to tilt-table testing, a simple test for clinical evaluation of cerebral autoregulation in patients with AF.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Dynamic cerebral autoregulation and collateral flow patterns in patients with severe carotid stenosis or occlusion.

The quality of collateral blood supply in carotid disease is pivotal for the resulting hemodynamic compromise. However, the interrelation between different patterns of collateral blood flow and actual impairment of cerebral autoregulation (CAR) has not been analyzed so far. Dynamic CAR was assessed noninvasively by the phase shift between respiratory-induced 0.1-Hz oscillations of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in 101 patients with severe unilateral carotid stenosis (> or = 75%) or occlusion. CO(2)-vasomotor reactivity was assessed via inhalation of 7% CO(2). Spontaneously activated collaterals via primary (anterior/posterior communicating artery, type I, n = 65) and secondary (ophthalmic artery / leptomeningeal with or without primary pathways, group II, n = 24) pathways were assessed by transcranial Doppler/duplex sonography. Signs of functional stenosis in the anterior collateral pathways were subsumed under type III (n = 12). Best dynamic CAR (phase shift) on affected sides was observed for type I (n = 65), in which values did not differ significantly from contralateral sides. Reduced phase shift values were present in type II; poorest values were observed for type III. CO(2)-reactivity differed mainly between type I and the other types. A less distinct differentiation of autoregulatory impairment was found when dividing patients into groups of different degrees of stenosis. Symptomatic patients (previous TIA/stroke) were significantly less frequent in the group with type I collateral flow and had significantly lower phase shift and CO(2)-reactivity values. In conclusion, we found that dynamic CAR is substantially impaired if secondary collateral pathways are activated or if functional stenosis in the activated anterior collateral pathway is present. These hemodynamic constellations are also associated with a higher proportion of clinically symptomatic patients. Determination of dynamic CAR by transfer function analysis represents a convenient, sensitive method for detection of cerebral hemodynamic compromise in obstructive carotid disease.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed2003

Transfer function analysis for clinical evaluation of dynamic cerebral autoregulation--a comparison between spontaneous and respiratory-induced oscillations.

Oscillations of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) can be used for non-invasive assessment of cerebral autoregulation using transfer function analysis. Either spontaneous oscillations (SPO) around 0.1 Hz or respiratory induced oscillations during deep breathing (DB) at a rate of 6/min have been used so far. We investigated 168 patients with severe carotid stenosis or occlusion to evaluate transfer function analysis and compare the SPO and DB approaches. ABP was assessed non-invasively (Finapres), CBFV was measured in the middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler sonography. Transfer function phase (P) and gain (G) were extracted from the respective spectra in a low (0.06-0.12 Hz) and high (0.20-0.30 Hz) frequency range (LF, HF) of SPO and from the 0.1 (LF) and 0.2 (HF) Hz peaks induced by DB. For SPO, significant side-to-side differences and differences between groups of severe and critical stenosis were found for P(LF), while P(HF) did not prove to be a significant parameter. G(LF) showed significant side-to-side differences, while G(HF) additionally differed significantly between severe and critical stenosis and occlusion, respectively. For DB, significant side-to-side differences were found for P(LF, HF). Mainly G(HF) differed significantly between the affected and contralateral sides, while both HF and LF gains showed lower values in groups with a higher degree of stenosis. Correlation between G and P values was generally poor. Using Bland-Altman plots a poor inter-method agreement was found mainly for P. Correlations between SPO and DB were higher for G than for P (LF r = 0.64 versus 0.44, HF 0.69 versus 0.28). Analysing reproducibility in 16 patients, only for P(LF, HF) of DB was a highly significant correlation found (Spearman's r up to 0.78). For G(LF, HF) correlations were significant for both SPO and DB with slightly higher r coefficients for SPO. In conclusion, the present study showed that (1) transfer functions P and G represent different information for characterization of dynamic cerebral autoregulation in the frequency domain. (2) Inter-method agreement between DB and SPO is poor for P and moderate for G values. (3) P extracted from DB has a higher reproducibility. (4) The extraction of P and G from the SPO phase spectra is critical and future work on standardizing this process is needed. (5) At present, the DB protocol might be slightly advantageous as a routine diagnostic tool.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Estimation of delay times in biological systems.

The problem of delay time estimation in biological systems is addressed with the focus on practical applicability of methods. Four delay time estimators are described: a cross correlation method and three increasingly sophisticated interpretations of the phase spectrum, ranging from a pointwise interpretation of the phase spectrum in terms of a delay to a Hilbert transform method. The four methods are compared through simulation studies showing that, in general, the Hilbert transform method performs best. The methods are then used to estimate delay times in three physiological systems: vestibular stimulation, cerebral autoregulation, and human orthostatic tremor. In all three cases, the Hilbert transform method yields the best results, leading in some cases to physiologically more sensible interpretations of experiments than the other methods.

Homeostasis↗
PubMed2003

Time delay as a parameter for cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with severe carotid stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Amplitude responsiveness of cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) to CO(2) is an established test of cerebrovascular reserve capacity. We aimed to analyze the time course of CBFV during CO(2 )reactivity testing in patients with severe carotid stenosis. METHODS: 87 patients were assigned to three different groups according to the degree of stenosis (A 75-89%, B 90-94%, C 95-100%) and CBFV dynamics was assessed by transcranial Doppler sonography during hypercapnia induced by inhalation of 7% CO(2. )Time constants for the duration of CBFV and the end-tidal CO(2 )partial pressure (Pet(CO2)) increase and decrease were calculated. In addition, time delays between subsequent changes of Pet(CO2) and CBFV during on- and offset of hypercapnia were determined. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction of conventional CO(2) reactivity on the side ipsilateral to the stenosis in all groups. Time constants of CBFV showed no major differences between ipsi- and contralateral sides or between different groups. The off delay between the decrease in Pet(CO2) and the consequent decrease in CBFV was the only out of 6 different dynamic parameters which significantly differentiated critical stenosis and occlusion from severe stenosis. Retest variability showed a highly significant correlation. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the dynamic CBFV response during the applied CO(2) inhalation protocol revealed a significant and reproducible delay parameter which has power to detect cerebral hemodynamic compromise in patients with carotid artery stenosis similar to the conventional CO(2 )reactivity parameter.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Enhanced in situ bioremediation of BTEX-contaminated groundwater by combined injection of nitrate and sulfate.

Enhancement of in situ anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX compounds was demonstrated at a petroleum-contaminated aquifer in Seal Beach, CA. Specifically, combined injection of nitrate and sulfate into the contaminated aquifer was used to accelerate BTEX removal as compared to remediation by natural attenuation. An array of multi-level sampling wells was used to monitor the evolution of the in situ spatial distributions of the electron acceptors and the BTEX compounds. Nitrate was utilized preferentially over sulfate and was completely consumed within a horizontal distance of 4-6 m from the injection well; sulfate reduction occurred in the region outside the denitrifying zone. By combining injection of both nitrate and sulfate, the total electron acceptor capacity was enhanced without violating practical considerations that limit the amount of nitrate or sulfate that can be added individually. Degradation of total xylene appears linked to sulfate utilization, indicating another advantage of combined injection versus injection of nitrate alone. Benzene degradation also appears to have been stimulated by the nitrate and sulfate injection close to the injection well but only toward the end of the 15-month demonstration. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that benzene can be biodegraded anaerobically after other preferentially degraded hydrocarbons have been removed.

Benzene↗
PubMed2001

Pd-catalyzed TCE dechlorination in water: effect of [H2](aq) and H2-utilizing competitive solutes on the TCE dechlorination rate and product distribution.

The aqueous-phase H2 concentration ([H2](aq)) and the presence of H2-utilizing competitive solutes affect TCE dechlorination efficiency in Pd-based in-well treatment reactors. The effect of [H2](aq) and H2-utilizing competing solutes (cis-DCE, trans-DCE, 1,1-DCE, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrite, nitrate) on the TCE transformation rate and product distribution were evaluated using 100 mg/L of a powdered Pd-on-Al2O3 catalysts in batch reactors or 1.0 g of a 1.6-mm Pd-on-gamma-Al2O3 catalyst in column reactors. The TCE dechlorination rate constant decreased by 55% from 0.034 +/- 0.006 to 0.015 +/- 0.001 min-1 when the [H2](aq) decreased from 1000 to 100 microM and decreased sharply to 0.0007 +/- 0.0003 min-1 when the [H2](aq) decreased from 100 to 10 microM. Production of reactive chlorinated intermediates and C4-C6 radical coupling products increased with decreasing [H2](aq). At an [H2](aq) of 10 microM (P/Po = 0.01), DCE isomers and vinyl chloride accounted for as much as 9.8% of the TCE transformed at their maximum but disappeared thereafter, and C4-C6 radical coupling products accounted for as much as 18% of TCE transformed. The TCE transformation rate was unaffected by the presence of cis-DCE (202 microM), trans-DCE (89 microM), and 1,1-DCE (91 microM), indicating that these compounds do not compete with TCE for catalyst active sites. DO is twice as reactive as TCE but had no effect on TCE conversion in the column below a concentration of 370 microM (11.8 mg/L), indicating that DO and TCE will not compete for active catalyst sites at typical groundwater DO concentrations. TCE conversion in the column was reduced by as much as a factor of 10 at influent DO levels greater than 450 mM (14.3 mg/L) because the [H2](aq) fell below 100 microM due to H2 utilized in DO conversion. Nitrite reacts 2-5 times slower than TCE and reduced TCE conversion by less than 4% at a concentration of 6630 microM (305 mg/L). Nitrate was not reactive and did not effect TCE conversion at a concentration of 1290 microM (80 mg/L).

Chlorine Compounds↗
PubMed2001

Actin-based motility: stop and go with Ena/VASP proteins.

Proteins of the Ena/VASP (Enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein) family are involved in Abl and/or cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase signaling pathways. These proteins are also crucial factors in regulating actin dynamics and associated processes such as cell-cell adhesion, platelet function and actin-based motility of both cytopathogenic Listeria and their eukaryotic host cells. Although biochemical mechanisms have emerged depicting Ena/VASP proteins as enhancers of actin filament formation, increasing evidence also suggests that these proteins have inhibitory functions in integrin regulation, cell motility and axon guidance.

Actins↗