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M Rautiainen

Publications and source records attributed to M Rautiainen.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on antral mucociliary clearance.

Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is the most used surgical approach in the treatment of chronic and recurrent maxillary rhinosinusitis. However, it still remains unclear how well surgery restores the mucociliary function in damaged maxillary sinus mucosa. There is also controversy whether to enlargen the natural ostium or not. We examined the mucociliary clearance (MCC) of maxillary sinuses in 27 patients with chronic and recurrent rhinosinusitis. On one side only an uncinectomy was done, on the contralateral side a middle meatal antrostomy was additionally performed. The mucociliary clearance (MCC) was measured in both sides preoperatively and 9 months after the operation. Measurements of the mucociliary clearance in maxillary sinuses were done using an isotope method. Preoperative mean residual activity on the uncinectomy side was 87.2 % and postoperative mean residual activity 94.1 %. On the middle meatal antrostomy side mean preoperative residual activity was 92.3 % and postoperative mean residual activity 88.4 %. Residual activity was considered as good (< or = 50 %) on the uncinectomy side in 2 sinuses (7.4 %) preoperatively and in 1 sinus (3.7 %) postoperatively. On the middle meatal antrostomy side residual activity was considered good in 1 sinus (3.7 %) preoperatively and in 4 sinuses (14.8 %) postoperatively. Mucociliary function remained poor even 9 months postoperatively. Surgery did not significantly improve the mucociliary function of maxillary sinus mucosa in chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis. There was no statistical difference between operative techniques. In this study it seemed however, that uncinectomy combined with the enlargening of the natural ostium may restore maxillary sinus mucociliary clearance (MCC) better than uncinectomy alone.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Investigations of dipole localization accuracy in MEG using the bootstrap.

We describe the use of the nonparametric bootstrap to investigate the accuracy of current dipole localization from magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies of event-related neural activity. The bootstrap is well suited to the analysis of event-related MEG data since the experiments are repeated tens or even hundreds of times and averaged to achieve acceptable signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The set of repetitions or epochs can be viewed as a set of independent realizations of the brain's response to the experiment. Bootstrap resamples can be generated by sampling with replacement from these epochs and averaging. In this study, we applied the bootstrap resampling technique to MEG data from somatotopic experimental and simulated data. Four fingers of the right and left hand of a healthy subject were electrically stimulated, and about 400 trials per stimulation were recorded and averaged in order to measure the somatotopic mapping of the fingers in the S1 area of the brain. Based on single-trial recordings for each finger we performed 5000 bootstrap resamples. We reconstructed dipoles from these resampled averages using the Recursively Applied and Projected (RAP)-MUSIC source localization algorithm. We also performed a simulation for two dipolar sources with overlapping time courses embedded in realistic background brain activity generated using the prestimulus segments of the somatotopic data. To find correspondences between multiple sources in each bootstrap, sample dipoles with similar time series and forward fields were assumed to represent the same source. These dipoles were then clustered by a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) clustering algorithm using their combined normalized time series and topographies as feature vectors. The mean and standard deviation of the dipole position and the dipole time series in each cluster were computed to provide estimates of the accuracy of the reconstructed source locations and time series.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed2004

Effects of surgery on the function of maxillary sinus mucosa.

For chronic maxillary sinusitis, the most popular surgical approach for treatment is endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). After these operations, however, it is not clear how well the surgery restores the normal mucociliary function. We examined the mucociliary clearance (MCC) in maxillary sinuses in chronic sinusitis before ESS and 6 months after the operations. The correlation of histology to MCC was also studied. Measurements of the mean residual mucociliary clearance (MCC) of maxillary sinuses was studied pre- and postoperatively with an isotope method. Biopsies taken during ESS and 6 months postoperatively were studied by electron microscopy (EM). Preoperative residual MCC from the maxillary sinuses was 77+/-26% (mean+/-SD). Six months postoperatively, residual MCC was 70+/-22%, only slightly better than preoperatively. Residual MCC was considered good (< or = 50%) in 12% of sinuses preoperatively and in 20% postoperatively. In preoperative sinuses, 14% did not show any mucociliary clearance compared to 11% postoperatively. As a single EM finding, metaplasia gave the poorest MCC (91%) and microvilli the best (68%). Mucociliary function in maxillary sinusitis remains poor even 6 months postoperatively, with many pathological findings still visible in the sinus epithelium. MCC correlates well with the histology of the mucosa. Surgery does not significantly improve the mucociliary function of sinus mucosa in chronic maxillary sinusitis.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2003

Reliability of acoustic rhinometry.

In recent years increasing evidence has been provided on frequent simultaneous coexistence of inflammatory diseases and allergies in upper and lower airways. To achieve a good standard of measurement of upper airways, an objective method should be used. A total of 48 nasal cavities with nasal stuffiness associated with chronic sinusitis were measured with acoustic rhinometry (AR) and High-resolution computer tomography volumetry (HRCTV). Comparison of volumes and minimum cross-sectional areas measured with these methods was performed. The volumes measured from the nostril with both methods were the anterior (0-10 mm), middle (11-40 mm) and posterior (41-70 mm) volumes. The AR cross-sectional area curve was analysed based on two minimal notches corresponding to local minimal areas. A series of 1-mm coronal CT images without intervening gaps were made and analysed based on two minimal voxel values, which were later converted to cross-sectional areas corresponding to local, minimum cross-sectional areas (MCA). Furthermore, the distances of these 2 MCAs from the nostril were also measured. Strong statistically significant (P < 0.05) correlations were found between AR and computer tomography volumetry (CTV) volumes in the anterior (r = 0.83) and middle (r = 0.77) parts of the nasal cavity. In the posterior part of the nasal cavity a statistically significant (P < 0.05) correlation was also found (r = 0.62). Good agreements between the AR and CTV volumes in the anterior and middle parts of the nasal cavities were confirmed with Bland-Altman plots. Correlations among the MCAs were weaker (r = 0.59 and r = 0.55). Our results suggest that the reliability of AR appears sufficient for clinical and scientific use in the nasal cavities. Reliability is very good in the anterior and middle parts of the nasal cavities, while strong conclusions based on evaluation of the posterior part should be avoided due to decreasing accuracy.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Expression and localization of the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor in human nasal mucosa.

BACKGROUND: The cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT) are lipid mediators that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Pharmacological studies using CysLTs indicate that two classes of receptors, named CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptor, exist. The former is sensitive to the CysLT1 antagonist currently used to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis. Recently, the cDNA for human CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptor have been cloned, making it now possible to study the gene expression of CysLTs receptors. OBJECTIVE: We have used reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to study the gene expression of CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptor and in situ hybridization to determine the distribution of CysLT1 receptor mRNA in human nasal mucosa. In addition, the distribution of the CysLT1 receptor protein was studied by immunohistochemistry. METHODS: Human turbinates were obtained after turbinectomy from six patients with nasal obstruction refractory to medical therapy. Total RNA was isolated from human nasal mucosa and both CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptor mRNA was detected in these tissues by using RT-PCR. For in situ hybridization study of human nasal mucosa, we used biotin-labelled oligonucleotides probes encoding human CysLT1 receptor cDNA. To identify the cells expressing the CysLT1 receptor protein, double immunostaining was performed by using anti-CysLT1 receptor antibody and monoclonal antileucocyte antibodies. RESULTS: RT-PCR analysis of total nasal RNA demonstrated the expression of both CysLT1 receptor and CysLT2 receptor mRNA. In situ hybridization indicated high levels of CysLT1 receptor hybridization in blood vessels and the interstitial cells, but a sparse signal in airway epithelium and submucosal glands. The immunohistochemical studies revealed that anti-CysLT1 receptor antibody labelled eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils and vascular endothelial cells in the nasal mucosa. CONCLUSION: The results may have an important clinical implication and also promote further investigation of the regulation of CysLT1 receptor in health and disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Semi-automatic segmentation of computed tomographic images in volumetric estimation of nasal airway.

The objective of this study was to determine nasal cavity volumes and cross-sectional profiles from segmented coronal high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images. Pathological mucosal changes and congenital sinonasal variants were quantitated and three-dimensional (3D) images for determining sinonasal airway diseases evaluated by using the new semiautomatic segmentation software, Anatomatic. Anterior to posterior cross-sectional profiles of the sinonasal airway were obtained from acoustic rhinometry and segmented coronal HRCT images and compared in five patients having complaints of nasal obstruction and chronic sinusitis. Results showed that accurate volumes of air spaces in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were obtained. When compared, the cross-sectional profiles of the nasal cavities obtained from acoustic rhinometry and the segmentation technique were similar in the anterior portion, but differed in the posterior portion. The results obtained by coronal HRCT and segmentation were more reliable than those produced with acoustic rhinometry. 3D images acquired from segmented images were found to help make a good pre-operative assessment of the whole sinonasal compartment. Segmentation and volumetric analysis using the Anatomatic technique also proved to be well suited to the evaluation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus geometry in patients with sinonasal diseases.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1998

Long-term follow-up of the clinical relevance of short outer dynein arms in human nasal cilia.

Clinical significance of short outer dynein arms was examined in a long-term follow-up study of 76 patients with various respiratory symptoms. Clinical evaluations, nasal mucociliary transport rate (NMTR) measurement and transmission electron microscopy were performed. Follow-up examinations took place 5-11 years later. In the initial examination four patients and on follow-up seven patients were found to have short outer dynein arms in their nasal mucosal biopsies. Short dynein arms were associated with a slow NMTR, poorly coordinated ciliary beat direction, and clinical symptoms of perennial rhinitis and recurrent sinusitis. Short dynein arms were found to be a significant histologic finding and probably represent a variant of primary ciliary dyskinesia. In some cases short outer dynein arms may be a reversible finding with improving clinical symptoms. It is obvious that at least part of dynein defects are acquired.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Ciliary ultrastructure in experimental sinusitis.

Ultrastructure of respiratory cilia was observed in experimental sinusitis of rabbit maxillary sinuses. Sinus mucosa of 15 rabbits was inoculated with Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria and of 16 rabbits with Bacteroides fragilis bacteria. Specimens were taken during 12 weeks' observation time and they were studied by transmission electron microscopy from the cross-sections. A special emphasis was paid to the number of cilia, the ciliary orientation, the tubular anomalies, the presence of dynein arms and the compound cilia. It seems likely that pneumococcal sinusitis is a more toxic infection to the epithelium causing loss of ciliated cells and cilia than B. fragilis infection. In anaerobic infection ciliary ultrastructure remains normal and dynein arms as well as normal tubular ultrastructure were seen even after 12 weeks' infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Clinical relevance of tubulus anomalies and compound cilia.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) from nasal mucosa and nasal mucociliary transport rate (MTR) with a radio-isotopic method were examined in 144 patients with various respiratory symptoms. Examinations were not performed during acute infections. In cases of increased amount of tubulus anomalies: nasal MTR was not significantly slower than in other patients, the disorientation of ciliary beat direction was significantly larger, there was no connection with increased amount of compound cilia and there was no correlation to any specific symptom or respiratory disease. In cases of increased amount of compound cilia: nasal MTR did not differ from other patients and the disorientation of ciliary beat direction did not differ from other patients. In a follow-up study of 76 patients 5-11 years (mean 9.3 years) later the amount of tubulus anomalies and compound cilia had changed in most patients. In patients with less symptoms at the follow-up than primarily, there was a non-significant tendency to have less tubulus anomalies, too, but no change in the amount of compound cilia. The amount of tubulus anomalies and compound cilia is not stable. Their number can either increase or decrease during a follow-up. Tubulus anomalies are non-specific and probably secondary changes of minor clinical importance and compound cilia would seem to be quite irrelevant findings in the ultrastructural evaluation of respiratory cilia.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Humoral responses to bovine dust in dairy farmers with allergic rhinitis.

During the indoor cattle feeding season, dairy farmers are continuously exposed to allergenic bovine-derived materials for a long time every year. Limited information is available about the dynamics of exposed people's antibody responses under the influence of this kind of exposure. In this study, the level of antibodies to bovine epithelial antigen (BEA) was found to reflect the level of clinical allergy. On the other hand, the level of immunoglobulin (Ig)E, IgA and IgG antibodies to bovine urinary antigen (BUA) was lower in the group of bovine-allergic farmers than among other farmers. It was concluded that antibodies to different allergen extracts reflect different phenomena. Antibodies to BEA seem to be associated more with allergic symptoms, where as anti-BUA antibodies might reflect the level of bovine exposure. The indoor cattle feeding season did not cause any major changes in dairy farmers' humoral responses. The continued allergen exposure did not increase the level of sensitization as determined by antibody responses.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1997

Functional vs. radical maxillary surgery. Failures after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Randomized FES or Caldwell-Luc (C-L) operations were performed in 150 patients suffering from chronic maxillary sinusitis during 1987-1989. Follow-up examination was done for 143 patients (95%) 1 year postoperatively. Although 15 patients had already deceased, questionnaires were obtained from 128 patients (85%) 5-9 years after operation. One year after surgery 51% of the C-L patients and 77% of the FES patients reported no symptoms or distinct improvement in their global symptoms, whereas 5-9 years postoperatively 82% of the C-L and 76% of the FES patients reported this outcome, respectively. Thirteen C-L operated patients (18%) and 14 FES patients (20%) have been reoperated during 7-9 years follow-up. In most cases revision surgery was done for polyposis or maxillary sinusitis. In the long term, altogether 21 patients (28%), including 14 reoperated patients, were failures after FES. These included also 4 patients with global symptoms unchanged at late inquiry and 3 other patients, though getting better, reported unwillingness for FES operation if they had known the result beforehand.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1997

Results of dacryocystorhinostomy in 96 patients.

Between years 1895 and 1995, 112 patients underwent dacryocystorhinostomy in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at Tampere University Hospital. A questionnaire considering the recent symptoms of patients was sent to 108 patients. Four of the patients have died. Ninety-six patients returned the questionnaire. Seventy-nine (61 primary operations) lacrimal systems underwent dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) by external approach (Toti) and 25 (23 primary operations) by transnasal approach (West). Mean follow-up time was 5 years and 8 months. In extranasal DCR group 13% (8/61) of patients required a re-operation and of the others 85% (45/53) were satisfied with the result and still chose the same operation. In transnasal surgery group 30% (7/23) of patients required a re-operation and of the others 56% (9/16) were satisfied and still chose the same operation. Twelve extranasal DCR were made due to trauma or congenital deficiency and 67% of them reported relief of their symptoms. In both groups the results were significantly better if silicon tubes were introduced after operation between eye and nose to keep the lacrimal system open.

Dacryocystorhinostomy↗
PubMed1995

Effects of oxygen radicals on ciliary motility in cultured human respiratory epithelial cells.

There are few reports about direct effects of specific oxygen products on ciliary function because of their instability and reactivity. We investigated the direct effects of superoxide anion (O2-) and of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the ciliary function of human respiratory epithelial cells, using monolayer cell cultures, high speed video analysis of frequency (CBF), amplitude (CBA), and coordination of ciliary beats and evaluating the surface structural changes of ciliated cells at the same time. 10(-2) M H2O2 decreased ciliary beat activity. The CBF was 36.5 +/- 4.4% and the CBA was 51.0 +/- 3.8% of the baseline (time = 0) after 5 min (all p < 0.001). Catalase (2 micrograms/ml) abolished the ciliotoxic effect of H2O2. The O2- produced by reaction of xanthine (0.06 mM)-xanthine oxidase (0.04 U/ml) caused a temporary rapid increase of 26.8 +/- 1.7% in CBF and an increase of 42.5 +/- 4.1% in CBA after 15 sec (all p < 0.001). Superoxide dismutase significantly reduced these increases. Results indicated that O2- activated ciliary function with a temporary increase in O2(-)-production. This suggests that the removal of H2O2 from the O2- reaction is important in improving mucociliary clearance in excessive oxygen metabolites.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1995

Scanning electron microscopy findings of human respiratory cilia in chronic sinusitis and in recurrent respiratory infections.

Acute and chronic infections cause morphological changes in the respiratory mucosa. The ultrastructure of human respiratory mucosa was studied by scanning electron microscopy from the maxillary sinuses of 28 patients, with chronic sinusitis, from middle turbinates of 60 patients, with recurrent respiratory infections, and from healthy sphenoidal sinuses of 31 patients. A loss of ciliated cells and an increasing number of nonciliated columnar cells with microvilli were seen in 62 per cent of the maxillary sinus mucosa. Ciliary disorientation was seen in 81 per cent of the chronically infected sinus mucosa and eight per cent in the healthy sphenoidal sinuses. Also metaplasia and extrusion of epithelial cells were prominent in chronic infections. Compound cilia were seen in 52 per cent of the samples from patients with chronic sinusitis and in 31 per cent of the healthy sphenoidal sinuses. Short cilia were often seen in infected mucosa indicating ciliogenesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The correlation of mucociliary transport and scanning electron microscopy of nasal mucosa.

The ciliary ultrastructure studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nasal mucociliary transport rate (MTR) measured by a radioisotopic method and their correlation with each other were studied in 56 patients with recurrent or chronic respiratory infections. Patients were divided into three groups according to MTR. The number of pathological SEM findings increased remarkably in groups with moderate or poor MTR. Loss of ciliated cells and microvilli were seen in 86% of specimens with poor MTR, in 71% with moderate MTR, and in 50% with good MTR. There was ciliary disorientation in 45% of cases with poor MTR compared with 25% in cases with good MTR. Epithelial metaplasia and the number of short cilia increased in groups with poor or moderate MTR.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Gold coating of respiratory cilia for scanning electron microscopy.

The optimal thickness of gold coating of cilia for scanning electron microscopy was studied using respiratory mucosa obtained from pigs. We tested 8 different coating times, from 10 seconds to 4 minutes, which resulted in gold layer thicknesses varying from 16 +/- 1 nm to 100 +/- 3 nm. The thickness of the gold layer with a coating time of 60 seconds and voltage of 2.5 kV was 43 +/- 5 nm. This thickness of gold layer gave good image quality without causing any electric charging. With thinner gold films, the amount of electric charging increased. When the coating time was longer, the gold layer was thicker but image quality did not improve. The thicknesses of the gold layers were measured using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Scanning and transmission electron microscopic findings in cilia from human nasal turbinate and sinus mucosa following respiratory infection.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the ultrastructure of human respiratory cilia in 34 patients with chronic or recurrent respiratory infections and 11 control patients. Specimens of pathological mucosa were taken from 12 maxillary sinuses and 22 middle turbinates. Control tissues were taken from middle turbinates or from sphenoid sinuses during transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Findings in control tissues or specimens with minimal amounts of pathological findings showed that TEM and SEM findings correlated well. TEM revealed axoneme structure better, while much larger populations of cilia could be studied three-dimensionally with SEM. SEM also was the better study when cilia orientations or lengths were evaluated. Optimal examination of ciliary ultrastructure required both TEM and SEM studies.

Adolescent↗