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Biomedical subjects

M Rajala

Publications and source records attributed to M Rajala.

36 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Prevalence of root caries in the adult Finnish population.

A sample of 8000 persons was drawn to represent the Finnish population aged 30 years and over. The participation rate was 89.9%. Root caries was recorded when the lesion was obviously soft and more than half of it was located on cementum. Lesions adjacent to fillings were not included. The reproducibility and the standard of the clinical recordings were tested by reexamining 20% of the studied population 2-6 months after the first clinical examination. The overall prevalence of root caries was 21.6% for men and 14.5% for women. The prevalence increased for both sexes almost consistently with age. Root caries was found 1.6 times more often among men than women. Among men 2.23% and among women 1.19% of teeth were affected by root caries.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Use of public and private dental services by adults in Finland.

The aim of this study was to analyze the factors that affected the choice between public and private dental services in 1979, when 9% of adults had received their dental services in a public health center. In September 1979 the National Board of Health conducted a telephone interview among Finnish adults over 15 yr old. When a representative sample of 1992 adults was drawn, the response rate was 90.4%. All subjects over 17 yr of age who had used dental services within the last 5 yr were included in the study, making a final sample of 1368. According to the logistic function, the greatest differences were between rural and urban areas. Of the subjects living in urban areas, 18% had visited public health centers; and of those living in rural areas, 45% had visited health centers. Of the adults living in an urban setting, 70% and in rural areas 49% visited private dentists. Of the subjects who had used private dental services, nearly half were managers and upper white-collar workers; while of those using communal services, less than one third worked in such jobs. In urban areas managers and upper white-collar workers used private services twice as often as they used public services. In an urban setting, subjects who had visited a dentist during the last 2 yr had received treatment mainly in the private sector; and in a rural setting, subjects had been treated mainly in health centers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

State and development of dental care for employees in Finland.

The aim of this study was to analyze the present state of occupational dental care in Finland. In addition, the viewpoints of employees and employers concerning possibilities for developing occupational dental care were evaluated. Five percent of employers had arranged dental services for their employees. Twenty-four firms either had their own dentist or had made an agreement with a dentist about dental care for their employees. Most of these dentists delivered all kinds of dental treatment to employees, and the costs of treatment were usually paid from the worker's sickness benefit funds. Many such funds also subsidized the costs of dental treatment delivered in other dental offices. In 1978 about 49% of the workers covered by such funds received subsidies for their dental expenses. The most important means of developing adult dental care in Finland was considered to be widening the scope of public dental care. The second means was widening the scope of the national health insurance system. In third place, the employers supported development of private dentistry. Employees, however, preferred to include dental care in agreements made by collective bargaining.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Copper in human subgingival calculus.

The Cu concentration as well as the Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Zn, and F concentrations were determined in subgingival calculus and the relation of Cu to Zn, Ca, Mg and Fe described. Samples of human subgingival calculus of 60 pieces from 60 subjects were ashed in an acid solution and the cation concentrations were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The F content was analyzed with an ion-selective electrode. The data was analyzed using the multiple linear regression analysis. The mean +/-SD of the Cu concentration in the subgingival calculus was 48.4+/-59.0 micrograms/g. Four elements, Zn, Ca, Fe and Mg, explained 41.1% of the Cu content. Zn explained 25.5% and the correlation was positive, whereas Ca (10.4%) had a negative correlation with the Cu content. The results showed such a high Cu content that it could affect the mineralization of calculus.

Calcium↗
PubMed1983

Development of edentulousness in Finland during the 1970's.

From a representative sample of 8000 persons aged 30 yr and over, 7190 were examined clinically. Thirty-one percent were edentulous, 23% of the men and 38% of the women. Results of our study were compared with seven other nationwide studies of edentulousness in Finnish adults made during the last decade. For subjects 35-64 yr old the rate of edentulousness was lowest in our clinical study. For those over 64 yr old the rates of edentulousness varied from 54% to 67%. In general, results obtained using interviews or questionnaires gave higher percentages for edentulousness than did the clinical study. Statistical evaluation of the differences in rates found in these studies did not show edentulousness to be either increasing or decreasing in Finland during the 1970's.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Consumption of sweet foods among adolescents in Finland.

The importance of sugar in the etiology and dental caries is well known but only a few representative studies at population level have been carried out to analyze nutritional factors related to dentistry. As the main exposure to caries the frequency of the use of sugar-products should be known more exactly than we do. The purpose of this study was to analyze the frequency of consumption of sugar-containing products among Finnish adolescents. A representative sample of 3209 Finnish adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 was drawn. The data were obtained by mail questionnaire in February and September 1977, and in February and September 1979. The separate sample was drawn in February 1978 to analyze the changes with time during 1977-79. The response rate to all the mailed questionnaires was close to 90%. The sugar-containing foods included in the study were sugar in coffee or tea, hot chocolate, pastries and cookies, soft drinks, chewing gums, sweets and pastries. In addition, the data on the consumption of artificial sweeteners were collected. According to current health behavior dogma, girls behaved better than boys. A clear relationship was observed between a householder's educational and occupational status and the children's sugar consumption. Children from homes of low social status consumed more sugar than others. The percentage of children frequently consuming sugary products decreased with improved school success. It can be concluded that the use of sugar-containing products is especially frequent among young age groups, particularly among boys from low social background and children with poor school success. Health education should be especially directed towards them.

Achievement↗
PubMed1981

Oral hygiene habits among adolescents in Finland.

The aim of this study was to analyze oral hygiene habits among Finnish adolescents with regard to age, sex, residence, socioeconomic factors, school career and success. A representative sample of 3209 Finnish adolescents, 13-19 years of age, was drawn. The data were collected by mail surveys in February and September 1977. Participation percentages were 88 and 79. The proportions of daily brushers were 89% in girls and 57% in boys. Toothpicks were used sporadically by every second adolescent but daily by 3% only. Dental floss was used sporadically by 10% of the adolescents but daily by 1% only. In this respect girls were more assiduous than boys. Frequency of toothbrushing clearly increased with age. Girls brushed their teeth significantly more often than boys. The influence of socioeconomic factors was consistent in boys but almost nonexistent in girls. Children of white-collar workers reported better oral hygiene habits than children of blue-collar workers and farmers. Urban adolescents reported better habits than rural adolescents. School success correlated positively with toothbrushing frequency in the younger age groups. Dental health education given by a dentist, a teacher, a hygienist or a nurse had poor correlation with the oral hygiene habits of Finnish adolescents. It was concluded that dental health education should be more directed towards boys, especially at ages 13-15. The education should be planned so that the dental health education better reaches youth of rural areas and lower social classes.

Achievement↗
PubMed1981

Alveolar bone loss in relation to periodontal treatment need, socioeconomic status and dental health.

The distance from cemento-enamel junction to alveolar crest was studied in relation to periodontal treatment need, socioeconomic factors and dental health. The subjects (315) of the study were employees of a paper mill in Finland. Alveolar crest height was measured from orthopantomograms, periodontal treatment need was assessed by the Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS). Number of teeth, interproximal fillings and caries were determined clinically, and background information was obtained by questionnaires. On an average, the rate of alveolar bone loss was 0.6 mm in 10 years in the study population and 1.2 mm in subjects aged 30 to 45 years. The bone loss increased with decreasing number of teeth. Subjects with plaque retention had somewhat more severe bone loss than those with no inflammation or gingival inflammation only. Periodontal treatment need, age and number of remaining teeth altogether explained 42.8% of the bone loss when tested by multiple linear regression analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Relationship between reported toothbrushing and dental caries in adults.

The relationship of toothbrushing to dental decay has remained unclear. In the present study an effort was made to throw more light on this problem. Clinical and interview data were obtained from 212 males. Potential confounding risk indicators were controlled by a multivariate confounder summarizing score. In general it was found that the values of caries prevalence indicator were consistently higher for sporadic toothbrushers. It was concluded that the current study provides evidence in favor of a positive association between toothbrushing and low caries prevalence.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Toothbrushing in relation to other health habits in Finland.

The dimensionality of health behavior is disputable. In the present study an effort was made to shed more light on this problem. Interview data were obtained from 3209 13--19-year-old Finnish adolescents concerning the subjects' smoking habits, use of alcohol, physical activity, toothbrushing and dietary habits. A clear positive relationship was observed between toothbrushing and the use of sugar-containing snacks. Use of alcohol seemed to have slight adverse effect on toothbrushing. Smoking was also weakly related with sporadic toothbrushing. Sports-oriented girls seemed to be regular toothbrushers. It was concluded that the possible comprehensive nature of health behavior should be more appreciated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Factors related to changes in periodontal treatment need over a 1-year follow-up.

Changes in Periodontal treatment need measured by the modified Periodontal Treatment Need System were investigated among employees of a Finnish paper mill. The investigation consisted of two clinical studies with a 1-year period between them, and three surveys to collect background information. After 1 year there was improvement in at least one jaw segment of 45% of the subjects and deterioration in 18%. Both improvement and deterioration were observed in another 10% of the subjects, and the remaining 27% had no changes in their dentulous jaw segments. The frequency of dental visits increase during the interim year. Changes in periodontal condition were in the main not significantly influenced by socioeconomic factors, dental health behavior, or dietary habits. Likewise, professional periodontal treatment did not have any significant effect on changes in periodontal condition.

Dental Prophylaxis↗
PubMed1980

The need for periodontal treatment in relation to socioeconomic status and health behavior.

Socioeconomic factors, detal status, health behaviour and some environmental factors were scrutinized in relation to the need for periodontal treatment. A linear multiple regression model was fitted to test which variables best explain the need of periodontal treatment. The subjects (315) of the study were employees of a paper mill in Finland. The periodontal status was classified according to a modified Periodontal Treatment Need System. The data on background variables was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. About 30% of the treatment need could be explained with the above factors. The order of the factors determining the periodontal treatment need was: number of teeth (13.3%), age (13.2%), education (0.9%), toothbrushing frequency (0.6%), and use of chewing gum (0.3%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of periodontal status in a Finnish industrial population.

Occurrence of periodontal disease was investigated in an industrial population by a modified Peridontal Treatment Need System (PTNS). The study comprised an initial clinical examination and a follow-up examination of 165 persons 1 year later. The reproducibility of the modified PTNS was satisfactory; in a subsample studied twice the weighted kappa with its 99% confidence limits was 0.80 +/- 0.18. Only 3% of the dentulous subjects had no treatment need because of gingival or periodontal disease in the first clinical examination, in spite of the low mean age (33.2 years) of the population. The periodontium of the maxillary teeth was significantly (P less than 0.001) than that in the mandibular teeth, but there were no significant differences between right and left side of jaws. During the 1-year follow-up period the periodontal condition of 23% of subjects improved, whereas in 9% it deteriorated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Utilization of dental care in Finnish industrial population.

Ninety-three percent of the 300 employees of a paper mill in central-eastern Finland answered a questionnaire in the context of a clinical dental survey. One third had visited the dentist annually, 22% once in 2 years and the rest irregularly. Dental visit frequency of females was somewhat higher than that of males. People in younger age groups and higher income groups used more dental services, whereas those who had dentures used clearly less dental services than others. Subjective assessment of treatment need was the main reason for dental visits, more than half of the subjects had attended the dentist the last time because of self-assessed need. Thirty-eight percent went to the dentist because of toothache and only 9% for regular check-up. Although more than one third had gone to the dentist because of toothache only one third of those who had toothache during the preceding year had visited the dentist during that period. People without toothache, in fact, used more dental services than those who had had it.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Total parenteral nutrition in pregnancy: conception to delivery.

The delivery of safe and nutritionally successful total parenteral nutrition (TPN), including intravenous lipid emulsion, to a pregnant woman with Crohn's disease and short bowel syndrome from conception to delivery is reported. Maternal nutritional status improved during the pregnancy. Fetal development was normal, and a healthy, full-term infant was delivered. The placenta was normal. Specific intravenous macronutrient and micronutrient requirements during pregnancy are not well defined. Our experience has resulted in the generation of additional recommendations to optimize the intravenous nutritional therapy of this high-risk population.

Adult↗