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Biomedical subjects

M R Johnson

Publications and source records attributed to M R Johnson.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Recall of lecture information: a question of what, when and where.

In this paper we report on a study in which both immediate and long-term (4-month delay) recall of lecture information was tested in a group of preclinical medical students. Comparisons were made of the recall of visually and verbally presented lecture information and of information presented during different time periods in the lecture. A clear superiority of visual information over verbal information was found in both immediate and long-term recall. Information presented between the fifteenth and thirtieth minutes of the lecture was recalled best whereas the worst recall was found for information presented in the first 15 minutes. The seating position of the student in the lecture theatre was also found to be associated with the level of immediate recall but this may be a reflection of motivational factors which determine where students choose to sit rather than of seating position per se. The overall pattern of results indicate that the level of recall of lecture information by medical students is therefore a function of what type of information is presented, when during the lecture it is presented and where the student sits in the lecture theatre.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMed1982

Improving classroom behavior in mentally retarded children through correspondence training.

Except for a few studies, most research investigating correspondence training procedures has been more analogue in nature. The purpose of the present set of studies was to examine whether a "say-do" correspondence training technique could be used with children in special education classes to improve classroom behavior. The specific behaviors targeted for change included: out-of-seat behavior (Experiment 1), sitting posture (Experiment 2), and on-task behavior (Experiment 3). The say-do procedure used in Experiment 1 resembled that of previous studies, whereas that in Experiment 2 was more elaborate in the specificity of verbal statements required from the children and the feedback given them. The training procedure in Experiment 3 used a format similar to the say-do approach, but stressed visual rather than verbal cuing because it was used with nonverbal children. All three studies used single-subject designs and examined maintenance and/or generalization questions. Experiments 2 and 3 also evaluated whether concomitant changes in performance on academic tasks occurred. The results of the three studies provide strong evidence that correspondence training can be effectively used with educationally handicapped children. Moreover, the successful modification of the "say-do" to a "show-do" procedure in Experiment 3 points out the flexibility of the correspondence training approach.

Achievement↗
PubMed1982

A rate of emergency.

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Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1981

N-(Methanesulfonyl)-16-phenoxyprostaglandincarboxamides: tissue-selective, uterine stimulants.

In an effort to develop tissue-selective prostaglandin analogues resistant to the metabolic inactivating pathways of the natural materials, hybrid compounds modified both at C-1 with a sulfonimide moiety and in the n-amylcarbinol side chain with substituted phenoxy groups were synthesized and evaluated in a variety of in vitro models. Several of these analogues exhibited potent, tissue-selective, uterine stimulant activity, a finding subsequently confirmed in clinical studies with one member of this series, N-(methanesulfonyl)-16-phenoxy-omega-tetranor-PGE2-carboxamide (CP-34089/ZK-57671, sulprostone).

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
PubMed1981

New reactions and theory in organic photochemistry: The 1,3-vinyl migration and its relevance to exchange integral control.

The photochemistry of 1,1,4-triphenyl-1,4-pentadiene was investigated. Sensitized irradiation of this compound labeled at carbon 3 with (2)H led to a degenerate rearrangement wherein the diphenylvinyl moiety migrated 1,3, thus affording diene with (2)H substitution at carbon 5. In contrast, direct irradiation of the triphenyl pentadiene led to 1,3,3-triphenylbicyclo[2.1.0]pentane by a [2 + 2] cycloaddition. This multiplicity dependence of the photochemistry is understood on the basis of triplet reactants preferring a linearly conjugated diradical mechanism with a large exchange integral (K) and singlet reactants preferring an electrocyclic mechanism with a small exchange integral.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1981

Potent analgetics derived from 9-nor-9 beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol.

Based on the report of morphine-like analgetic activity of 9-nor-9 beta-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (HHC), we undertook a study of structural modifications of the C-3 side chain of HHC to optimize the analgetic activity. We ultimately examined four distinct classes of side chains: (1) alkyl (la-lc), (2) arylalkyl (ld-lh), (3) alkoxy (li-lj) and (4) arylalkyloxy (lk-lo). Three of these derivatives (lb, lf, ll) possessed analgetic activity 10X morphine. These studies demonstrate that the C-3 side chain of HHC can be modified in a structure-dependent fashion to yield potent, nonopioid analgetics. In addition, the effect of the 1 methyl-4-phenylbutyloxy side chain is unique among the side chains examined.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1981

Maternal compliance and children's self-concept in cystic fibrosis.

To examine the hypothesis that the degree of maternal compliance with physical therapy regimens for cystic fibrosis (CF) is correlated with the child's psychological adjustment, compliance was classified by independent raters as "moderate" (intermediate) or "unmoderated" (rigid adherence or clear noncompliance). Compliance data were obtained in a structured self-report interview. The Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale was administered to the children (23 boys, aged 7-15 years) to measure this dimension of psychological adjustment. Children of mothers with unmoderated compliance scored significantly lower on total self-concept scores and on subtests measuring popularity and physical appearance and attributes than those with mothers whose compliance was rated as moderated. These findings, if confirmed in studies with larger samples that include girls with CF, have implications for practitioners who treat children with this disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Nantradol hydrochloride: pharmacokinetics and behavioral effects after acute and chronic treatment.

Studies with [3H]nantradol hydrochloride indicate that nantradol is extensively metabolized after oral administration. By using a liquid chromatography assay with electrochemical detection, specific for both nantradol and desacetylnantradol, only desacetylnantradol is detected in plasma of rats and dogs dosed with nantradol. In animal analgetic tests, desacetylnantradol exhibits activity at least equal to nantradol. Together, these findings and additional in vitro enzymatic studies suggest that desacetylnantradol is the analgetically active species in vivo. In rats and dogs, desacetylnantradol has an apparent half-life of about 2 hr. No evidence for drug accumulation or alteration of drug metabolizing enzymes is noted from desacetylnantradol plasma level determinations during 90 days of oral and 14 days of i.m. dosing in dogs or rats at doses of 0.125 to 0.5 mg/kg i.m. and 2.5 to 10 mg/kg p.o. The static ataxia test in dogs was used to assess behavioral tolerance after chronic dosing (90 days); unlike delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol only modest tolerance development is observed.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1980

Structure activity studies leading to a tissue-selective hypotensive prostaglandin analog, 13,14-dihydro-16-phenyl-omega-tetranor PGE2.

During our systematic search for prostaglandins with improved tissue selectivity and metabolic stability, we synthesized a series of PGE2 analogs in which the n-amyl carbinol side chain was systematically substituted by a phenyl ring, based on structural considerations incorporating the 17,18-cis-double bond of PGE1 into an aromatic ring. These compounds were evaluated for uterine stimulant, bronchodilator and hypotensive activity. Among the divergent biological profiles exhibited by these analogs, noteworthy was the tissue-selective hypotensive profile displayed by 13,14-dihydro-16-phenyl-omega-tetranor PGE2.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A self-instructional package for increasing attending behavior in educable mentally retarded children.

The purpose of this study was to develop a self-instructional package that would aid highly distractible children in increasing their attending behavior in a training and two generalization (a one-to-one and a classroom) situations. Three untrained subjects were monitored for general comparison and social validation purposes. One of these control subjects was distractible and the other two (criterion comparison) were evaluated as not having attentional problems. A multiple baseline design was employed in which training was sequentially introduced across subjects. During training, the experimental subjects were taught through self-instruction to focus their attention and to cope with two tasks, math and printing. After learning the self-instructions the subjects were systematically and sequentially exposed to photo-slides of distracting situations, to audio-distractors composed of noisy lunchroom verbal peer interactions, and to in vivo distractors provided by kindergarten children playing with wooden blocks in the training setting. The entire training procedure was handled in a game-like context to maintain subject interest and to facilitate generalization. The results suggested that the training package produced direct and generalized changes in self-instructional behavior. In addition, a decreae in off-task behavior occurred during math, printing, and also during a phonics program in the one-to-one and classroom situations. However, reliable changes in academic task performance were not observed. Finally, no systematic changes on any of the dependent measures occurred for the three untrained subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Response deprivation and reinforcement in applied settings: A preliminary analysis.

First-grade children engaged in seatwork behaviors under reinforcement schedules established according to the Premack Principle and the Response Deprivation Hypothesis. Across two experiments, schedules were presented to the children in a counter-balanced fashion which fulfilled the conditions of one, both, or neither of the hypotheses. Duration of on-task math and coloring in Experiment 1 and on-task math and reading in Experiment 2 were the dependent variables. A modified ABA-type withdrawal design, including a condition to control for the noncontingent effects of a schedule, indicated an increase of on-task instrumental responding only in those schedules where the condition of response deprivation was present but not where it was absent, regardless of the probability differential between the instrumental and contingent responses. These results were consistent with laboratory findings supporting the necessity of response deprivation for producing the reinforcement effect in single response, instrumental schedules. However, the results of the control procedure were equivocal so the contribution of the contingent relationship between the responses to the increases in instrumental behavior could not be determined. Nevertheless, these results provided tentative support for the Response Deprivation Hypothesis as a new approach to establishing reinforcement schedules while indicating the need for further research in this area. The possible advantages of this technique for applied use were identified and discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Teachers' smoking.

Children take up smoking for many reasons and it is suggested that the example set by schoolteachers may have some influence. Smoking by male teachers appears to have some effect on boys' smoking, particularly in their first two years at secondary school. Thus, in any comprehensive study of what causes children to take up smoking and in any attempt to prevent this by means of health education, the influence of teachers as well as that of relatives and friends must be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Hospitals today.

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Hospital Administration↗
PubMed1978

Cholera toxin effects on fluid secretion, adenylate cyclase, and cyclic AMP in porcine small intestine.

The effects of cholera toxin on mucosal cyclic nucleotide concentrations and on net fluid secretion in the porcine small intestine are reported. Cholera toxin causes net secretion of fluid into the small intestine of weanling pigs, and secretory rates are dependent on the dose of the toxin placed in intestinal loops. Intestinal secretion due to cholera toxin exposure was not consistently accompanied by elevated concentrations of mucosal cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP. Net fluid fluxes in individual loops did not correlate with mucosal cyclic AMP concentration in the same loop. Jejunal adenylate cyclase was activated to a lesser extent in pigs, compared with rabbits, after in vivo treatment with cholera toxin. In vitro activation in cell-free homogenates was similar for both species. Papaverine was similar to cholera toxin in causing fluid secretion without cyclic AMP accumulations, but 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine significantly increased cyclic AMP concentration and induced fluid secretion in pigs. Weanling pigs appeared to differ from rabbits in having a secretory response to cholera toxin which was independent of elevations in total mucosal cyclic AMP concentration.

1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine↗