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Biomedical subjects

M P Oryszczyn

Publications and source records attributed to M P Oryszczyn.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Increased prevalence of asthma and allied diseases among active adolescent tobacco smokers after controlling for passive smoking exposure. A cause for concern?

BACKGROUND: Whereas effects on allergic and respiratory health have been established for passive tobacco smoking, contradictory results still exist for active tobacco smoking. OBJECTIVE: Whether adolescents with asthma and allied diseases have higher rates of active smoking compared with adolescents without asthma was assessed after controlling for environmental tobacco smoking exposure. METHODS: A population-based sample of 14,578 adolescents was enrolled in an epidemiological survey on allergies in France. RESULTS: After controlling for age, sex, geographic region, familial allergy and passive smoking, current (in the past year) wheezing (12.4%), current asthma (5.6%), lifetime asthma (12.3%), current rhinoconjunctivitis (13.9%), lifetime hayfever (14.4%) and current eczema (9.3%) but not lifetime eczema (22.5%) were all significantly related to active smoking (>1 cigarette/day) (9.3%). A higher risk of current wheezing, current and lifetime asthma or current eczema was seen in smokers exposed to passive smoking compared with smokers not exposed to it using a polychotomous logistic regression model, in which the different modalities of exposure to active and passive smoking constituted the response variable. Passive smoking was significantly associated only with current diseases. Active smoking was also highly related to both severe asthma (OR=4.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.37, 11.79) and severe rhinoconjunctivitis (OR=2.95; 1.58, 5.49). The highest rate of adolescents suffering from the co-morbidity of lifetime asthma and hayfever (3.6%) was also seen in active smokers compared with passive and non-smokers (5.5% vs. 3.6% and 3.1%, respectively; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Being asthmatic or allergic does not seem to act as a deterrent towards starting active smoking or continuing to smoke in adolescence. Results suggest the need for considering individual allergic status in programming health educational activities aimed at reducing smoking among adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The protective role of country living on skin prick tests, immunoglobulin E and asthma in adults from the Epidemiological study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and atopy.

BACKGROUND: Farming environment and traditional lifestyle seem to protect from childhood allergy. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to analyse the relationships of living in the country to asthma, positive skin prick tests and IgE among adults considering various windows of exposure over the life-span. METHODS: The study concerns 805 adults drawn from the Epidemiological study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and atopy (EGEA) (asthmatic cases, non-asthmatic controls, and parents of cases with and without asthma). Ever living in the country concerned 55% of the subjects. Early (beginning < 1 years), childhood (beginning < or = 16 years), prolonged (duration > or = 10 years) and current life in the country were studied. RESULTS: The results based on the case control and family components of the study show that IgE levels were significantly lower in those who ever lived in the country and in particular in those who lived for > or = 10 years. Positive skin prick tests (SPT) were significantly less prevalent in those who ever lived in the country and in particular in those with childhood (< or = 16 years) exposure. These associations remained independent of age, sex, smoking or asthma with IgE levels of 64 vs. 88 IU/mL; P = 0.004 for those ever living in the country vs. others and odds ratio for SPT positivity of 0.72 (95% CI [0.53-0.98]). In the more specific group with traditional mode of heating in childhood (use of wood) associations were stronger. The association with asthma, studied in parents of asthmatic probands showed that fathers, but not mothers, of asthmatics were significantly less often asthmatic themselves in relation to country living. CONCLUSION: Country life protects from asthma and adulthood allergy. The protective effect is not restricted to exposure in early childhood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cross sectional and longitudinal study on selenium, glutathione peroxidase, smoking, and occupational exposure in coal miners.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the variations of selenium (Se) concentration relative to changes in occupational exposure to coal dust, taking into account age and changes in smoking habits in miners surveyed twice, in 1990 and 1994. To better understand the relation of Se concentration with glutathione peroxidase activities (GSH-Px) in these miners. METHODS: In 1994, blood samples were obtained from active (n=131) and retired (n=40) miners without coal worker's pneumoconiosis, in whom Se concentration was available at both surveys and in whom International Labour Organisation (ILO) profusion grade had not been changed. Active miners were exposed to high dust concentrations (n=48) or low dust concentrations (n=83). Miners were classified into three subgroups according to their estimated cumulative exposure to dust, and into three subgroups according to their smoking habits. RESULTS: Selenium concentration and GSH-Px activities were significantly lower in active than in retired miners (Se adjusted means: 62.6 v 72.2 ng/ml p=0.01). Moreover, Se concentration was lower in miners exposed to high compared with those exposed to low dust concentrations (adjusted means: 59.4 v 65.8). In miners exposed to high dust concentrations, Se concentration was significantly lower whereas erythrocyte GSH-Px activity was significantly higher in the subgroup with estimated cumulative exposure >68 mg/m(3).y. In all miners, plasma GSH-Px activity was correlated with Se concentration (r=0.22, p<0.005). The 4 year Se changes were negatively related to exposure to high dust concentrations and positively related to change in exposure from high to retirement and to change from smoker to ex-smoker (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: The variations of Se concentration in relation to changes in occupational exposure to coal dust and in smoking habits, and the close correlation found between plasma Se concentration and GSH-Px activity suggest that both are required in antioxidant defence. These results agree well with the hypothesis that the decrease in Se concentration reflects its use against reactive oxygen species generated by exposure to coal mine dust and by smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Allergy markers in respiratory epidemiology.

Assessing allergy by measurement of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibodies is fast and safe to perform. Serum antibodies can preferably be assessed in patients with dermatitis and in those who regularly use antihistamines and other pharmacological agents that reduce skin sensitivity. Skin tests represent the easiest tool to obtain quick and reliable information for the diagnosis of respiratory allergic diseases. It is the technique more widely used, specific and reasonably sensitive for most applications as a marker of atopy. Measurement of serum IgE antibodies and skin-prick testing may give complimentary information and can be applied in clinical and epidemiological settings. Peripheral blood eosinophilia is less used, but is important in clinical practice to demonstrate the allergic aetiology of disease, to monitor its clinical course and to address the choice of therapy. In epidemiology, hypereosinophilia seems to reflect an inflammatory reaction in the airways, which may be linked to obstructive airflow limitation.

Antibodies↗
PubMed2000

Segregation analysis of IgE levels in 335 French families (EGEA) using different strategies to correct for the ascertainment through a correlated trait (asthma).

The main objective of this study was to search for a major gene controlling total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, an intermediate phenotype for asthma and allergy. We studied 335 French nuclear families of the EGEA study (Epidemiological study of the Genetics and Environment of Asthma), ascertained through asthmatic probands (123 are parents in the family, 212 children). Segregation analyses were performed by regressive models, which can take into account a major gene effect, various sources of familial covariation (genetic and/or environmental) as well as measured risk factors (i.e. , age, sex, smoking habits). Different strategies were considered to account for the mode of ascertainment of the families through a correlated trait (asthma): the ascertainment mode was either ignored (strategy A) or taken into account by adjusting IgE levels for the position in the family, i.e., probands, blood relatives, spouses (strategy B) or excluding the asthmatic children-probands and computing the likelihood of each family conditionally on parents' IgE levels (strategy C). Whereas a major gene effect could not be detected with strategy A, strategies B and C showed evidence for the transmission of a dominant major gene for high IgE levels, which was more significant with strategy B. This gene does not interact with any of the covariates and is responsible for approximately 15% of IgE variation (the allele frequency is 0.65).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Relationships of active smoking to asthma and asthma severity in the EGEA study. Epidemiological study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma.

The role of smoking as potential risk factor, selection factor ("healthy smoker" effect) and modifying factor (severity) of asthma was studied in the Epidemiological study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy (EGEA). The analysis involved 200 adult asthmatic cases recruited in chest clinics, 265 nonasthmatic controls and 586 relatives of asthmatics (147 with asthma). Asthma in childhood was not associated with a reduced take-up of smoking (odds ratio (OR)=1.06 in males and 0.98 in females), but smoker asthmatic cases quit more often than controls (OR = 2.20 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.11-4.34) in males and 2.76 (1.19-6.42) in females). Adult onset asthma was unrelated to ever smoking (OR 1.07 in males and 1.02 in females). In asthmatic cases, active smoking was associated with asthma severity. Current smokers, compared to never and exsmokers, had more asthma symptoms, more frequent (> or =1 attack x day(-1)) asthma attacks (OR 2.39 (95% CI 1.06-5.36)) and higher asthma severity scores. No clear pattern regarding the relationships of smoking habits with asthma was observed in first degree relatives. It is concluded that active smoking is not a risk factor for asthma in adulthood, but that smoking increases asthma severity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Relationships of active and passive smoking to total IgE in adults of the Epidemiological Study of the Genetics and Environment of Asthma, Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness, and Atopy (EGEA).

The increase of total IgE in relation to active smoking has been shown in the general population, but little is known about subjects with a personal or family history of asthma. The objective of this report is to analyze the relationships of active and passive smoking to total IgE in the Epidemiological Study of the Genetics and Environment of Asthma, Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness, and Atopy (EGEA). The sample studied includes 122 asthmatic probands, 430 first-degree relatives, and 190 control subjects, age 25 to 54 yr. As expected, first-degree relatives had total IgE intermediate between cases and control subjects and men had higher values than women. Current smokers had significantly higher IgE than never smokers. The relationship was statistically significant restricting the analysis in asthmatic probands. In a model taking into account gender, personal and familial history of asthma, socio- occupational class, and the nonindependence of subjects from the same family, IgE were in current smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers 128, 61, and 76 IU/ml and 77, 41, and 55 IU/ml in men (p = 0.01) and women (p = 0. 05), respectively. The relation was independent of skin test response. Some increase in IgE was observed in both men and women first-degree relatives in relation to passive smoking. That relation was statistically significant in women only (adjusted for asthma values: 103 IU/ml versus 48 IU/ ml, p = 0.02). Results show that an increase in total IgE in relation to active smoking may be evidenced even in asthmatics despite the healthy smoker effect. Susceptible subjects, such as women who are first-degree relatives of asthmatics, may increase total IgE in relation to passive smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Head circumference at birth and maternal factors related to cord blood total IgE.

BACKGROUND: A recent study reported an association between a large head circumference at birth and adult total IgE. However, no study has yet looked at the relation between head circumference and cord blood IgE. OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between child's cord blood total IgE and head circumference at birth taking parental allergy and smoking habits as well as placental calcifications into account. METHODS: Two samples of unselected newborns and their mothers with uncomplicated pregnancies were studied: 235 in study A with data on parental allergy and 99 in study B with data on placental calcifications. RESULTS: In both studies, cord blood IgE was significantly related to large head circumference at birth (0.07 vs 0.15 IU/mL for newborns < 37 cm vs >/= 37 cm, respectively, P = 0. 03 for study A and 0.09 vs 0.28 IU/mL, P = 0.04 for study B). Cord blood IgE was unrelated to parental smoking habits. Maternal IgE significantly increased in mothers exposed to both active and passive smoking during pregnancy compared with other pregnant women. High cord blood IgE were associated with high maternal IgE (r = 0. 38; P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression showed that large head circumference, maternal IgE and clinical manifestations of maternal, but not paternal, allergy were independently related to cord blood IgE (study A). Large head circumference and placental calcifications were independently related to a higher cord blood IgE level (study B). CONCLUSIONS: Besides the role of genetic factors, results on the preferential role of maternal vs paternal allergy and associations to large head circumference and placental calcifications support the hypothesis of the role of environmental factors during pregnancy on the level of cord blood IgE.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Relationship of upper airway disease to tobacco smoking and allergic markers: a cohort study of men followed up for 5 years.

Data derived from a cohort study of 191 men, seen 5 years apart, were used to investigate the involvement in allergic as well as in nonallergic upper airway disease (UAD) of two risk factors, immediate hypersensitivity and tobacco smoking, the roles of which have been well established in lower airway disease. At both surveys, UAD and smoking habits were assessed by an extended version of the BMRC/ECSC questionnaire. UAD consisted of usual or chronic rhinitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis and perceived nasal hyperresponsiveness (PNHR) to tobacco smoke, cold air or exercise. Immediate hypersensitivity was determined either in vivo (skin prick test, SPT, positivity) or in vitro (total IgE). UAD prevalence and smoking habits did not vary significantly over 5 years. On the contrary, SPT positivity increased significantly between the two surveys. At both surveys, SPT positivity for common aeroallergens (grass pollens overall) was significantly related to seasonal allergic rhinitis but not to usual or chronic rhinitis and to PNHR. Similarly, the total IgE level was increased in seasonal allergic rhinitis, but never significantly. Current smoking was always a habit significantly more frequent in men reporting chronic rhinitis (odds ratios of 5.3 and 4.9 in 1985 and 1990, respectively). The relationship was of the dose-response type: the more the subjects smoked, the more they reported chronic rhinitis. In contrast, seasonal allergic rhinitis was more associated with exsmoking, either in 1985 or in 1990. These results were confirmed longitudinally and after exclusion of asthmatics. Further investigations are needed to support the hypothesis raised by our data according to which immediate hypersensitivity, as assessed by SPT positivity for common aeroallergens, and tobacco smoking might intervene alternatively in UAD, probably because of the 'healthy smoker effect'.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Epidemiological study of the genetics and environment of asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and atopy: phenotype issues.

The Epidemiological Study of the Genetics and Environment of Asthma (EGEA) combined a case-control study and a family study. The total sample of 1,854 consisted of 348 patients with asthma selected through chest clinics and 416 control subjects and nuclear families ascertained through the cases. The protocol included standardized questionnaires, bronchial responsiveness, allergen skin-prick tests according to international protocols, total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level measurements, and blood eosinophilia. Criteria used to select subjects with asthma and determine asthma status of relatives for affected sibling pair linkage analysis are described. Based on figures from the 348 asthma cases of the EGEA study, issues relative to the definition of severe asthma and intermediate phenotypes such as bronchial responsiveness and allergic markers are discussed. Given the phenotypic heterogeneity involved, relevant phenotypes that may lead to the detection of genetic factors will depend on the hypothesis tested. Standardization of primary data and subphenotypes is a prerequisite for pooling data, which will be needed in the future to better understand the genetics and environmental factors of asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Decrease in selenium status in relation to coal dust exposure.

Selenium (Se) plasma levels were studied in 222 coal miners to assess whether selenium is decreased in relation to coal dust exposure, taking age, alcohol, and tobacco consumption into account. Selenium levels decreased significantly with age and current tobacco consumption, among miners aged 34-50. Long-term and current exposure to coal dust were studied. The lowest Se values were observed for those with both long-term and current exposure (60.2 ng/ml), the highest for those never or slightly exposed (64.1 ng/ml); those with long-term exposure not currently exposed fell in an intermediate position (61.3 ng/ml). No relation was observed with alcohol consumption. The association of coal dust with low selenium remained significant after adjustment for age and smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Longitudinal observations of serum IgE and skin prick test response.

The objective of the study was to assess skin prick test and IgE changes in a working population surveyed 5 yr apart and to determine whether age and smoking habits modify these changes. SPTs were performed on 223 subjects by the same method and common allergens (a mixture of grass pollens and a mixture of 95% house dust and 5% house dust mite). IgE measurements were done in duplicate by the same technique at each survey. A SPT-positive response at the first survey was highly predictive of a positive value at the second survey. The prevalence of positive SPT significantly increased in 5 yr (from 17.5 to 24.7%). A strong correlation was observed between IgE levels 5 yr apart (r = 0.92), and the IgE level appeared very stable. The initial IgE level was significantly greater among the converters than in consistently negative subjects (92.3 versus 30.1 IU/ml). Conversely, the initial IgE level was lower for the reverters than in consistently positive subjects (36.8 versus 97.0 IU/ml). In SPT negatives, non- and exsmokers had a greater decrease in IgE than current smokers (p = 0.06). IgE level appears to be a good predictor of SPT changes for both conversion and reversion. The IgE level appears very stable in midadulthood, which suggests that the adult environment may play a small effect in IgE level.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Contribution of epidemiology to the study of allergic response in children].

Allergy is the conjunction of hereditary predisposition and risk factors encountered in the environment, phenomenon which can be observed very early in individual life. The aim of this review is to present the contribution of epidemiology in the study of allergic response in childhood, from sensitization to clinical manifestations as eczema, asthma and rhinitis. The first contribution of epidemiology has consisted in estimating the scatter of the allergic response, the presence of circulating antibodies against allergens (IgE and IgG), the evaluation of immediate hypersensitivity (such as the response to skin prick tests) and the prevalence of clinical manifestations. Then, knowledge of allergic response has been improved by the contribution of aetiological epidemiology. Various risk factors have been described according to the different stages during life in which their effects are observable. In prenatal life, potential risk factors are maternal immunity and smoking during pregnancy. Later in perinatal or neonatal life they are perinatal complications, month of birth and maternal smoking. Lastly, in infancy a role can be played by feeding, immunological deficiencies, infections, parental smoking and early exposure to allergens or pollution. Perceiving these risk factors helps to determine strategies to prevent allergy occurrence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Radioimmunoassay of urinary cotinine: variability of measurements, identification of exposed subjects].

Urinary cotinine was assessed by a radioimmune assay (RIA) in a random subsample of 63 (out of 285) children aged 5 to 6 from 10 kindergartens in Nancy (N-E France). The result was adjusted for urine concentration by expressing cotinine per mg creatinine. The correlation between two successive determinations was excellent (r = 0.989) and the difference between the two mean values was minimal and non-significant (121.4 +/- 25.9 vs 121.0 +/- 25.0). Expressed in percentage of their mean, the difference between two determinations was on average 8.2%. The urinary cotinine determinations allowed a satisfactory separation of children exposed vs unexposed to parental tobacco smoke.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Total circulating IgE and FEV1 in adult men. An epidemiologic longitudinal study.

Epidemiologic data relating total circulating immunoglobulin E (IgE), an objective marker of allergy, to cross-sectional and longitudinal FEV1 as well as to methacholine bronchial hyperresponsiveness were obtained from 310 French adult men surveyed five years apart. Skin prick test responses to common aeroallergens, IgE level, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness were assessed at the end of the follow-up. IgE level was not associated with PD20 to methacholine. Cross-sectionally, age and height-adjusted FEV1 score was inversely related to total IgE level (regression coefficient of FEV1 score on Log[IgE] beta = -.20; p = 0.02). Stratified analysis showed that IgE level was associated with FEV1 score only in nonsmokers (beta = -0.52; p less than 0.001), an association that remained after exclusion of asthmatics. Longitudinally, five-year FEV1 decline was related to IgE in nonsmokers (regression coefficient of FEV1 decline on Log[IgE] beta = 19.9; p = 0.03) and exsmokers (beta = 18.9; p = 0.06) but not in current smokers. The relationship persisted, even if with lesser significance, among exsmokers after exclusion of asthmatics (beta = 17.2) and further exclusion of skin prick test-positive men (beta = 18.8). Whether IgE production also reflects factors other than allergy, possibly nonallergic inflammation, needs further investigations.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Relationship of upper airways disorders to FEV1 and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in an epidemiological study.

Associations of upper airways disorders (UAD) with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and bronchial methacholine response were studied, taking smoking habits into account. We used epidemiological data drawn from a population of 324 men, aged 27-58 yrs. Lower FEV1 level was related to hay fever (p = 0.01), usual (p = 0.01) and chronic (p = 0.02) rhinitis and common cold on the day of examination (p = 0.04). Allowance for the major potential confounding factor, tobacco smoking, showed similar results. Bronchial methacholine response was heightened in men reporting hay fever compared to those without (p = 0.01) but also in men reporting chronic rhinitis (p = 0.06), a group which did not exhibit skin prick test positivity more often than other subjects. Exclusion of asthmatics and taking into account smoking and skin prick test positivity yielded mostly similar results. Our data support the hypothesis of an association between lung impairment, as assessed by lower FEV1 and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, and different types of UAD, allergic or not.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

In utero exposure to parental smoking, cotinine measurements, and cord blood IgE.

The relationship between parental smoking and cord blood IgE has been studied in a survey conducted in 99 unselected newborn infants with a sensitive tests for IgE and cotinine as a biologic marker to validate smoking data. For both cord blood cotinine and maternal urine continine creatinine ratio (CCR), significantly higher levels were observed for smokers compared to nonsmokers. Furthermore, among nonsmokers, passive smokers had significantly higher cotinine levels than true nonsmokers, which demonstrates that cord blood may be used to assess active as well as passive maternal smoking. No association was observed in this study between cord blood IgE and maternal smoking assessed by questionnaire (geometric means of cord blood IgE levels were 0.11 IU/ml for newborn infants of smoking mothers and 0.12 IU/ml for newborn infants of nonsmoking mothers). The same observations were drawn from the analysis of cord blood IgE and cotinine levels, with correlation coefficients of -0.005 for cord blood CCR and 0.003 for maternal CCR. Additional studies are needed to determine whether maternal smoking is causally related to cord blood IgE and by which mechanisms.

Cotinine↗