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Biomedical subjects

M O'Sullivan

Publications and source records attributed to M O'Sullivan.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Dual diagnosis among older adults: a new array of policy and planning problems.

Case finding and successfully engaging and treating older adults with substance abuse disorders continue to be enigmatic processes. Because of the adverse consequences on health of substance abuse among the elderly, substance abuse has serious implications not only for the well-being of the elderly but also for the future costs and resources of the mental health and health care systems for older adults. However, older adults with concurrent mental and substance abuse disorders are appearing in the public gerontological mental health system. This system is both unprepared and ill-equipped to manage and treat these often difficult clients. Further complicating the situation is the seeming lack of knowledge about "dual diagnosis" among the elderly. Policy and planning issues necessary to address this newly discovered array of problems are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of right ventricular diastolic and systolic function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy using cine magnetic resonance imaging.

Cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide clear endocardial margins of the entire right ventricle, and Simpson's algorithm can be applied to obtain the volumes at multiple phases of the cardiac cycle. Time-volume curves of the right ventricle were obtained by using cine MRI in 10 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and eight normal volunteers to assess right ventricular function. There were no significant differences in volumes and ejection fraction of the right ventricle between the group with DCM and the normal group. In the group with DCM the time to peak filling rate was increased (p less than 0.05) and the filling fraction was decreased (p less than 0.01). In the patients with DCM cine MRI demonstrated normal volumes and ejection fraction of the right ventricle in contradistinction to the marked increase in volumes and the decrease in ejection fraction of the left ventricle; with the use of time-volume curves of the right ventricle, impairment of diastolic function of the right ventricle was demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Who can catch a liar?

The ability to detect lying was evaluated in 509 people including law-enforcement personnel, such as members of the U.S. Secret Service, Central Intelligence Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Security Agency, Drug Enforcement Agency, California police and judges, as well as psychiatrists, college students, and working adults. A videotape showed 10 people who were either lying or telling the truth in describing their feelings. Only the Secret Service performed better than chance, and they were significantly more accurate than all of the other groups. When occupational group was disregarded, it was found that those who were accurate apparently used different behavioral clues and had different skills than those who were inaccurate.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1991

Controlled delivery of oestradiol-17-b from silastic implants: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.

Oestradiol-17-b release from silastic implants of different length was determined in vitro over periods of up to 511 days. Sink conditions were provided by either Sodium lauryl sulphate (1%) or polyethylene glycol 400 (50%) in aqueous based media. Drug release profiles were fitted to the kinetic expression for matrix controlled release from a cylindrical delivery system, thus allowing prediction of both the rate and extent of release with time. A linear relationship was found between the cumulative amount of drug released in vitro and that released in vivo; the latter being measured from implants recovered from animals slaughtered in the period 96-515 days post implantation. A linear relationship was also obtained between serum oestradiol concentrations in the period 14 to 84 days post implantation and the in vitro release rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

HIV-1 infection complicated by food allergy and allergic gastroenteritis: a case report.

A 34-year-old female with HIV-1 infection detected by positive serology in 1983 subsequently developed acute granulomatous interstitial pneumonitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, and angioedema associated with the ingestion of vanilla ice cream and tangerines. The enteritis and angioedema symptoms appeared to respond to large doses of oral sodium cromoglycate. Sera collected over several years before clinical symptoms revealed a sharp rise of IgE antibody in 1985 and a subsequent decline to baseline values followed by markedly increased levels of IgE antibodies to a number of inhalant and food allergens. The findings suggest disordered IgE antibody regulation as a consequence of HIV-1 infection and as a cause of allergic manifestations including eosinophilic gastroenteritis and food-induced angioedema.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Impact of screening mammography and change in surgeons' attitudes on the pattern of primary care of breast cancer at a community hospital.

To gauge the impact of screening mammography and opinions regarding surgical procedures on the pattern of primary surgical care of breast cancer, tumor registry statistics from 1980-81 were compared to those from 1987 at a large community hospital. Over the course of six years, there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients with smaller tumors. Breast-conserving procedures increased from 8% to 39% of all therapeutic surgery. However, there was no change in the stage of the tumor at presentation because of an atypically low incidence of nodal involvement in 1980-81.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Interstudy reproducibility of dimensional and functional measurements between cine magnetic resonance studies in the morphologically abnormal left ventricle.

The validity of geometric formulas to derive mass and volumes in the morphologically abnormal left ventricle is problematic. Imaging techniques that are tomographic and therefore inherently three-dimensional should be more reliable and reproducible between studies in such ventricles. Determination of reproducibility between studies is essential to define the limits of an imaging technique for evaluating the response to therapy. Sequential cine magnetic resonance (MR) studies were performed on patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 11) and left ventricular hypertrophy (n = 8) within a short interval in order to assess interstudy reproducibility. Left ventricular mass, volumes, ejection fraction, and end-systolic wall stress were determined by two independent observers. Between studies, left ventricular mass was highly reproducible for hypertrophied and dilated ventricles, with percent variability less than 6%. Ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume showed close reproducibility between studies, with percent variability less than 5% End-systolic volume varied by 4.3% and 4.5% in dilated cardiomyopathy and 8.4% and 7.2% in left ventricular hypertrophy for the two observers. End-systolic wall stress, which is derived from multiple measurements, varied the greatest, with percent variability of 17.2% and 15.7% in dilated cardiomyopathy and 14.8% and 13% in left ventricular hypertrophy, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that mass, volume, and functional measurements are reproducible in morphologically abnormal ventricles.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Smiles when lying.

Subtle differences among forms of smiling distinguished when subjects were truthful and when they lied about experiencing pleasant feelings. Expressions that included muscular activity around the eyes in addition to the smiling lips occurred more often when people were actually enjoying themselves as compared with when enjoyment was feigned to conceal negative emotions. Smiles that included traces of muscular actions associated with disgust, fear, contempt, or sadness occurred more often when subjects were trying to mask negative emotions with a happy mask. When these differences among types of smiling were ignored and smiling was treated as a unitary phenomenon, there was no difference between truthful and deceptive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The role of context in interpreting facial expression: comment on Russell and Fehr (1987).

In their article, "Relativity in the Perception of Emotion in Facial Expressions," Russell and Fehr (1987) argued that context is the principal determinant in interpreting facial expressions of emotion. They questioned the biological bases for emotion suggested by Darwin and supported by many cross-cultural studies. We suggest that their results occurred because the target faces they used were emotionally neutral or ambiguous. We also argue that their findings can be interpreted as supporting the communicative importance of the face.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1988

Prognostic factors in extensive mesenteric ischaemia.

The records of 65 patients with diagnoses of extensive intestinal ischaemia during the 10 years from December 1973 to January 1984 were retrieved from 18 hospitals in Ireland. There were 32 males and 33 females, ranging in age from 20 to 96 years (mean 69.8 years). Duration of symptoms ranged from 4 h to 8 days. Pain was the most common presenting feature. Gastrointestinal haemorrhage was apparent in 31%, hypotension in 28% and atrial fibrillation in 43%. Associated vascular disease was present in 43%. There were elevations of serum inorganic phosphate in 15%, leucoytosis in 65% and metabolic acidosis in 67%. The mean interval from hospital admission to operation in survivors was 14.5 h, whereas the mean delay in those who died was 44 h. The correct preoperative diagnosis was made in 23 (35%) and the aetiology of intestinal ischaemia was recorded as: thrombosis 25 (39%), embolism 12 (18%), adhesions/volvulus 4 (6%) and indeterminate in 24 (37%). Laparotomy was performed in 49: gangrenous bowel was resected in 29 and six had operations designed to revascularise the intestine. The remaining 14 patients either had laparotomy alone (12) or an inappropriate operation (2). In 46 patients (70.8%) who died, death was related to three factors: the mean age of survivors was 7 years less than that of patients who died, the interval to laparotomy was on average 30 h less, and the length of ischaemic bowel was on average 61% less.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Universals and cultural differences in the judgments of facial expressions of emotion.

We present here new evidence of cross-cultural agreement in the judgement of facial expression. Subjects in 10 cultures performed a more complex judgment task than has been used in previous cross-cultural studies. Instead of limiting the subjects to selecting only one emotion term for each expression, this task allowed them to indicate that multiple emotions were evident and the intensity of each emotion. Agreement was very high across cultures about which emotion was the most intense. The 10 cultures also agreed about the second most intense emotion signaled by an expression and about the relative intensity among expressions of the same emotion. However, cultural differences were found in judgments of the absolute level of emotional intensity.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

What you say and how you say it: the contribution of speech content and voice quality to judgments of others.

In three studies, judgments based on separated channels (speech content, voice quality, face alone and body alone) were correlated with judgments based on combined channels (speech, face + speech, and face + body + speech). The judges observed spontaneous behavior in two different types of interview situations and rated various aspects of the behavior. Correlations between separated and combined channels varied significantly depending on the kind of behavior judged, the attribute rated, and whether other channels of information were available.

Emotions↗