Biomedical subjects

M Nishikawa

Publications and source records attributed to M Nishikawa.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Determination of the abundance of delta15N in nitrate ion in contaminated groundwater samples using an elemental analyzer coupled to a mass spectrometer.

A rapid method for measuring the delta15N of nitrate ion in water samples using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer coupled to an elemental analyzer system (EA-MS) was investigated. The water should be removed from the analytical sample before measurement with this system. We investigated the application of a super-absorbent polymer resin powder to various water samples. Each 1 mg of polymer resin powder can absorb about 50-100 mg of solution depending on the concentrations of major ions. Only samples which contain more than 100 mg l(-1) of nitrate-nitrogen are suitable to be absorbed by the polymer resin for the determination of delta15N of nitrate. Preconcentration by rotary evaporation was necessary for dilute samples but the temperature should be kept below 60 degrees C. The polymer resin (about 8 mg) containing the nitrate was directly analyzed using an EA-MS after being oven-dried at 80 degrees C. Good accuracy (precision +/- 0.3%) for delta15N measurements of nitrate-nitrogen in a sample without any isotope fractionation effects during pre-treatment was observed. Results for delta15N of nitrate in contaminated groundwater samples collected in the spring at a tea plantation area in Shizuoka, Japan, were from 9.8 to 10.6%, which were close to the delta15N abundance in organic fertilizers.

Mass Spectrometry↗

PubMed2001

Inhibition by combined therapy with ticlopidine and aspirin of enhanced platelet aggregation during physical exercise in patients with coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Strenuous exercise can be a major trigger for coronary thrombosis and it enhances platelet aggregation. METHODS: We evaluated the effect of antiplatelet therapy on shear stress-induced platelet aggregation (SIPA), in addition to agonist-induced aggregation, before and immediately after ergometer exercise in patients with stable coronary artery diseases (CAD). Forty-eight patients with stable CAD were randomly distributed into 3 groups: no antiplatelet drug (patient control, n = 16), aspirin (ASA) monotherapy (n = 16), and combined therapy with ticlopidine (TIC) and ASA (n = 16). RESULTS: There were significant increases in not only adenosine phosphate (ADP)- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation but also in SIPA during exercise by the patient control group. ASA monotherapy did not attenuate the enhanced ADP-induced aggregation nor SIPA. Combined ASA + TIC therapy significantly inhibited SIPA as well as ADP-induced aggregation both before and after exercise. Significant increases in levels of plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF) occurred during exercise, and these antiplatelet therapies had no apparent effect on increased vWF levels during exercise. Exercise induced a significant increase in the plasma thrombin-antithrombin III complex level with no significant changes in the level of plasmin-plasmin inhibitor complex level in all 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Combined therapy with ASA + TIC effectively inhibited increased platelet aggregability in response to acute exercise, with no effects on coagulant or fibrinolytic potentials in patients with CAD. The data suggest that TIC combined with ASA may be superior to ASA alone in preventing acute coronary events during exercise in patients with coronary atherosclerotic disease.

Adenine Nucleotides↗

PubMed2001

Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase expression is upregulated by the protein kinase A-dependent pathway and is downregulated by the protein kinase C-dependent pathway in cultured human thyroid cells.

Type 1 and 2 iodothyronine deiodinases (D1 and D2) catalyze thyroxine (T4) activation. In human thyroid, unlike rodents', both D1 and D2 are expressed. We have investigated the effects of thyrotropin (TSH), dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate [(Bu)2cAMP] (an activator of protein kinase A [PKA]), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbor 13-actate (TPA) (an activator of protein kinase C [PKC]), T4, and triiodothyronine (T3) on the D2 mRNA levels and activity in cultured human thyroid cells. D2 mRNA levels were increased by TSH and (Bu)2cAMP, and the increment was faster and greater than that of D1 mRNA levels. The increment of the maximum velocity (Vmax) value for D2 by (Bu)2cAMP stimulation was similar to that of D2 mRNA levels, suggesting that (Bu)2cAMP enhances D2 activity mainly at the pretranslational level. Cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, partially inhibited the increase of D2 mRNA levels by (BU)2cAMP, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis-dependent pathways are involved. TPA suppressed the D2 mRNA levels in the presence of (Bu)2cAMP. However, T3 and T4 did not significantly change the D2 mRNA levels and activity. In conclusion, D2 expression in human thyroid cells is more rapidly and strongly upregulated by the PKA pathway than D1 expression, and is downregulated by the PKC pathway.

Bucladesine↗

PubMed2001

Functional anatomy of musical perception in musicians.

The present study used functional magnetic resonance to examine the cerebral activity pattern associated with musical perception in musicians and non-musicians. Musicians showed left dominant secondary auditory areas in the temporal cortex and the left posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a passive music listening task, whereas non-musicians demonstrated right dominant secondary auditory areas during the same task. A significant difference in the degree of activation between musicians and non-musicians was noted in the bilateral planum temporale and the left posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The degree of activation of the left planum temporale correlated well with the age at which the person had begun musical training. Furthermore, the degree of activation in the left posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the left planum temporale correlated significantly with absolute pitch ability. The results indicated distinct neural activity in the auditory association areas and the prefrontal cortex of trained musicians. We suggest that such activity is associated with absolute pitch ability and the use-dependent functional reorganization produced by the early commencement of long-term training.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Molecular cloning of delta-4, a new mouse and human Notch ligand.

Complementary DNAs encoding a previously unidentified mouse Notch ligand and its human ortholog were isolated. The new Notch ligand contains a signal sequence, a DSL domain, eight epidermal growth factor-like repeats, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular region, all of which are characteristics of members of the Delta protein family. The new protein was therefore designated Delta-4. Several previously unidentified sequences in both the extracellular and intracellular regions were shown to be conserved among vertebrate Delta proteins. The tissue distribution of Delta-4 mRNA resembles that previously described for Notch-4 (Int-3) transcripts. However, in situ hybridization with mouse lung revealed that Delta-4 mRNA is abundant in squamous alveolar cells that neighbor endothelial cells; Notch-4 expression is largely restricted to the latter cell type. Soluble forms of the extracellular portion of Delta-4 inhibit the apparent proliferation of human aortic endothelial cells, but not human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗

PubMed2001

Seaweed prevents breast cancer?

To investigate the chemopreventive effects of seaweed on breast cancer, we have been studying the relationship between iodine and breast cancer. We found earlier that the seaweed, wakame, showed a suppressive effect on the proliferation of DMBA (dimethylbenz(a)anthracene)-induced rat mammary tumors, possibly via apoptosis induction. In the present study, powdered mekabu was placed in distilled water, and left to stand for 24 h at 4 degrees C. The filtered supernatant was used as mekabu solution. It showed an extremely strong suppressive effect on rat mammary carcinogenesis when used in daily drinking water, without toxicity. In vitro, mekabu solution strongly induced apoptosis in 3 kinds of human breast cancer cells. These effects were stronger than those of a chemotherapeutic agent widely used to treat human breast cancer. Furthermore, no apoptosis induction was observed in normal human mammary cells. In Japan, mekabu is widely consumed as a safe, inexpensive food. Our results suggest that mekabu has potential for chemoprevention of human breast cancer.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗

PubMed2001

Role of the microenvironment of the embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros region in hematopoiesis.

Although various cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines are known to regulate hematopoiesis, expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro with the use of such agents has proved problematic. Stromal cells are major components of the microenvironment that surrounds hematopoietic cells and are thought to play an important role in hematopoiesis in vivo. Co-culture of HSCs with stromal cells promotes hematopoiesis and self-renewal of HSCs. Definitive hematopoietic cells first appear during mammalian embryonic development in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, and it is therefore thought that the microenvironment of this region plays an important role in HSC ontogeny. We have adopted two approaches to studying the contribution of the AGM microenvironment to hematopoiesis. In the first approach, we have developed an in vitro culture system for mouse AGM explants. Hematopoiesis is enhanced in such cultures by the presence of the combination of stem cell factor (SCF), basic fibroblast growth factor, leukemia inhibitory factor, and oncostatin M (SFLO culture). However, transplantation assays revealed that HSCs capable of long-term reconstitution of the hematopoietic compartment of irradiated mice (LTR-HSCs) do not expand in AGM-SFLO cultures; rather, these cultures appear to provide a favorable microenvironment for hematogenic angioblasts that are precursors of both endothelial and hematopoietic cells. In our second approach, we have established various stromal cell lines from the mouse AGM region. The AGM-S3 cell line supports human and mouse primitive hematopoietic cells as well as mouse LTR-HSCs. Maintenance of LTR-HSCs is mediated by a mechanism other than SCF signaling through its receptor (c-Kit). These two in vitro approaches should prove useful for further elucidation of the mechanisms that underlie hematopoiesis and HSC self-renewal.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Clarithromycin inhibits NF-kappaB activation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and pulmonary epithelial cells.

Macrolide antibiotics modulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo and in vitro. Transcription of the genes for these proinflammatory cytokines is regulated by nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). We examined whether or not clarithromycin inhibits the activation of NF-kappaB induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) or staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) in human monocytic U-937 cells, a T-cell line (Jurkat), a pulmonary epithelial cell line (A549), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Flow cytometry revealed that clarithromycin suppresses NF-kappaB activation induced by TNF-alpha in U-937 and Jurkat cells in a concentration-related manner. Western blot analysis also demonstrated that clarithromycin inhibits NF-kappaB activation induced by TNF-alpha in U-937, Jurkat, and A549 cells and PBMC and by SEA in PBMC. Western blot analysis of cytoplasmic extracts of A549 cells revealed that this inhibition is not linked to preservation of expression of the IkappaBalpha protein. The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay indicated that NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression is suppressed in U-937 cells pretreated with clarithromycin. These findings are consistent with the idea that clarithromycin suppresses the production of proinflammatory cytokines via inhibition of NF-kappaB activation.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2001

In vivo recognition of mannosylated proteins by hepatic mannose receptors and mannan-binding protein.

In vivo recognition of mannosylated proteins by hepatic mannose receptors and serum mannan-binding protein (MBP) was investigated in mice. After intravenous administration, all three different (111)In-mannosylated proteins were taken up mainly by liver, and uptake was saturated with increasing doses. (111)In-Man-superoxide dismutases and (111)In-Man(12)- and (111)In-Man(16)-BSA had simple dose-dependent pharmacokinetic profiles, whereas other derivatives ((111)In-Man(25)-, -Man(35)-, and -Man(46)-BSA and (111)In-Man-IgGs) showed slow hepatic uptake at <1 mg/kg. Purified MBP experiments in vitro indicated that these derivatives bind to MBP in serum after injection, which interferes with their hepatic uptake. To quantitatively evaluate these recognition properties in vivo, a pharmacokinetic model-based analysis was performed for (111)In-Man-BSAs, estimating some parameters, including the Michaelis-Menten constant of the hepatic uptake and the dissociation constant of MBP, which correlate to the affinity of Man-BSAs for mannose receptors and MBP, respectively. The dissociation constant of Man-BSA and MBP decreased dramatically with increasing density of mannose, but the Michaelis-Menten constant of hepatic uptake of Man-BSA was not so sensitive to the change in density. This suggests that the in vivo recognition of MBP has a stronger cluster effect than that of mannose receptors. Differences obtained here are due to the unique arrangement of carbohydrate recognition domains on each mannose-specific lectin available for mannosylated ligand recognition.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Increased plasma thrombomodulin as a vascular endothelial cell marker in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Several hemostatic and vascular endothelial cell markers were measured in 39 patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)/hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and in 20 healthy volunteers to examine the relationship between the occurrence of hemostatic abnormality or vascular endothelial cell injury and patient outcome. The plasma levels of von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), and the TPA-PAI-1 complex were significantly increased in TTP/HUS patients; however, the levels of these markers were not significantly different between TTP/HUS patients who survived and those who died, suggesting that these markers might not be directly related to outcome. The plasma levels of soluble granule membrane protein (GMP)-140 were significantly higher in TTP/HUS patients than in healthy volunteers, suggesting that platelets and vascular endothelial cells are activated or injured in TTP/HUS. There was no significant difference in GMP-140 levels between TTP/HUS patients with good and poor prognoses; this may be owing to the release of GMP-140 from platelets. The plasma thrombomodulin (TM) levels in TTP/HUS patients were significantly higher than in healthy volunteers; the plasma TM levels were significantly higher in patients who died than in patients who survived. These findings showed that TM levels reflect the outcome and that the outcome of TTP/HUS depends on the presence vascular endothelial cell injury. The plasma protein C and antithrombin levels were markedly reduced in TTP/HUS patients who died compared with those who survived. These findings suggest that reduced plasma antithrombin and protein C may be useful markers of systemic vascular endothelial injury. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the outcome of TTP/HUS is related to vascular endothelial cell injury and that plasma TM, antithrombin, and protein C levels may be useful markers of systemic vascular endothelial cell injury.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Plasma levels of total plasminogen activator inhibitor-I (PAI-I) and tPA/PAI-1 complex in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

In this study, we examined changes in the plasma levels of total plasminogen activator inhibitor-I (PAI-I) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)/PAI-I complex in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and in those with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) to investigate the fibrinolytic function and its relation to organ failure. The plasma levels of total PAI-1 and tPA/PAI-I complex were significantly higher in patients with DIC, pre-DIC, and TTP than in those with non-DIC. The plasma levels of thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), plasmin-plasmin inhibitor complex (PPIC), D-dimer, thrombomodulin (TM), total PAI-I, and tPA/PAI-I complex were significantly higher in patients with organ failure than in those without organ failure. The plasma levels of total PAI-I and tPA/PAI-I complex were markedly increased in patients with acute leukemia. The plasma levels of total PAI-I, but not those of tPA/PAI-I complex, were significantly increased in patients with sepsis or with solid cancer. In all cases, total PAI-I or tPA/PAI-I complex was not significantly correlated with any hemostatic marker. Measurement of total PAI-I and tPA/PAI-I complex may be useful in the diagnosis of DIC.

Antifibrinolytic Agents↗

PubMed2001

Moyamoya disease and coronary artery disease--case report.

A 26-year-old female with idiopathic moyamoya disease developed chest pain with concomitant ST depression on electrocardiography. Coronary angiography detected no stenotic lesions in the epicardial coronary arteries. The clinical diagnosis was vasospastic angina pectoris. She was medicated with calcium antagonists, which reduced the frequency of chest pain episodes. Angina pectoris is a rare occurrence in young patients with moyamoya disease. Coronary artery disease and moyamoya disease may have common etiological factors.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Evolution of incidentally-discovered fusiform aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar arterial system: neuroimaging features suggesting progressive aneurysm growth.

This study investigated the natural history and biological behavior of incidental fusiform aneurysms in four patients with incidental fusiform aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar arterial system who had been followed up for more than 3 years (mean 3.5 years). Two lesions remained the same size, and two lesions gradually grew. Angiography showed the non-growing fusiform aneurysms as a circumferentially or unilaterally fusiform dilatation of a short segment of the vertebral artery with smooth walls and a steep slope of the dilatation, and the growing fusiform aneurysms as unilaterally fusiform involving a long segment of the vertebral artery or basilar artery with irregular walls and a gentle slope of dilatation. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated the non-growing fusiform aneurysms as a signal-void area, and the growing fusiform aneurysms as high and intermediate signals in addition to the normal flow void. The heterogeneous MR intensities probably correspond to turbulent flow, laminar flow, thrombosis, or intramural hematoma. Differentiation of growing and non-growing fusiform aneurysms is very difficult at the initial diagnosis. However, enlargement of the fusiform aneurysms is consistent with hemorrhage into the aneurysmal wall, which is confirmed by MR imaging. Fusiform aneurysms with the characteristics of the growing aneurysms cannot be overlooked because of the potential to develop into giant fusiform aneurysms which are very difficult to manage therapeutically.

Cerebral Angiography↗

PubMed2001

High incidence of arterial dissection associated with left vertebral artery of aortic origin.

The incidences of arterial dissection of the vertebral artery (VA) of aortic origin and VA of subclavian artery origin were determined. The origins of the left and right VAs were confirmed by angiography in 860 and 717 patients, respectively. Left VA of aortic origin was found in 21 patients (6 females and 15 males) but no right VA of aortic origin was found. Left VA of left subclavian artery origin was found in 837 patients and right VA of right subclavian artery origin in 717 patients. Arterial dissection of the VA occurred in 17 patients (6 females and 11 males), four patients with left VA of aortic origin, seven with left VA of left subclavian artery origin, four with right VA of right subclavian artery origin, and two with bilateral VAs of subclavian artery origin. Left VA of aortic origin (4 of 21 patients) was associated with a significantly higher incidence of VA dissection than left VA of left subclavian artery origin and right VA of right subclavian artery origin (p < 0.001). Left VA of aortic origin is associated with a predilection for VA dissection in comparison to VA of subclavian artery origin.

Aortic Dissection↗

PubMed2001

Pharmacokinetic analysis of lectin-dependent biodistribution of fucosylated bovine serum albumin: a possible carrier for Kupffer cells.

To examine the potential utility of fucosylation of drug carriers for targeted drug delivery to Kupffer cells, the pharmacokinetics of (111)In-labeled fucosylated bovine serum albumin (Fuc-BSA) with different numbers of fucose residues (11, 16, 25, 31 or 41) was studied. After intravenous injection in mice, all (111)In-Fuc-BSAs were mainly delivered to the liver and their hepatic uptake became saturated when the dose was increased. Of these derivatives, only (111)In-Fuc41-BSA showed a slow plasma elimination at low doses, suggesting an interaction with blood components. Examination of binding conditions as well as electrophoretic analysis of the binding components indicated that the serum-type mannan binding protein (MBP) is responsible. Kupffer cells, which possess fucose receptors, showed the highest uptake of (111)In-Fuc41-BSA, followed by endothelial cells and hepatocytes. The hepatic uptake of (111)In-Fuc41-BSA was inhibited by co-injection of Gal42-BSA, but not by Man46-BSA. On the other hand, excess Fuc41-BSA inhibited the hepatic uptake of (111)In-Man46-BSA, while (111)In-Gal42-BSA did not: These findings suggest that not only the fucose receptors on Kupffer cells but also other lectins are involved in the biodistribution of Fuc-BSAs. To understand how the degree of fucose modification affects the binding affinity of Fuc-BSA with hepatic lectins and serum MBP, a pharmacokinetic analysis was performed based on a physiological model. The Michaelis constant of the hepatic uptake of (111)In-Fuc-BSA decreased with an increasing number of fucose units, and the intrinsic hepatic clearance of (111)In-Fuc25-, (111)In-Fuc31- and (111)In-Fuc41-BSAs was close to, or much greater than, the hepatic plasma flow rate, indicating efficient hepatic uptake of these derivatives. These results suggest that fucosylation is a potentially useful method making drug carriers selective for Kupffer cells, although extensive modification might result in retarded delivery due to binding to other lectins like MBP.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Clinical significance of low protein phosphatase-1 activity of blasts in acute myelogenous leukemia with high white cell counts.

We have previously shown that protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) is the most abundant Ser/Thr phosphatase in human adult primary leukemic cells. To determine the clinical importance of PP1 expression, we compared PP1 activity of leukemic blasts with other putative prognostic factors in 46 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) who were treated with remission induction chemotherapy. PP1 was ubiquitously but differently expressed in various FAB subtypes (M1-M5), although PP1 activity was significantly higher in blasts of AML-M4 than in AML-M2. PP1 activity was significantly lower in elderly patients > or =55 years (P=0.005), and in those with high white cell counts > or =100,000/microl (P=0.039) at initial diagnosis. Correlation was observed between PP1 activity (<0.15 vs > or =0.15 nmol/min/10(8) cells) and prognosis of AML patients. Eleven of 46 patients with less than 0.15 nmol/min/10(8) cells (low PP1 activity group) had significantly lower overall survival than those with > or =0.15 nmol/min/10(8) cells (high PP1 activity group). The median overall survival was 8 months for patients with low PP1 activity compared to 27 months for those with high PP1 activity in their AML cells. Multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional hazard model showed that low PP1 activity significantly contributed to prognosis. This preliminary study suggests that low PP1 activity may be associated with shortened survival time for AML patients with high white cell counts.

Antigens, CD34↗

PubMed2001

[Clinical study on prognostic factors in thyroid carcinoma].

We treated 227 patients, 45 men and 182 women, with thyroid carcinoma at our hospital from 1984 to 1998. Of these, 177 had papillary carcinoma and 50 follicular carcinoma. The extent of resection was based on tumor size in papillary carcinoma but not follicular carcinoma, and 70% of carcinoma patients underwent hemithyroidectomy. Neck lymph nodes were resected in 93.2% of papillary carcinoma patients, with D1 neck dissection in 45.7% and D2 or D3 neck dissection in 47.5%. In contrast, 70% of follicular carcinoma patients with lymph node resection had D1 dissection. Locoregional recurrence was noted in 22 patients and distant metastasis in 6 cases. Nonsurvivors numbered 17, 12 papillary and 5 follicular carcinoma patients, died of their primary disease. Almost all deaths were in patients with advanced disease, pT3 in 3, pT4 in 10, N1a in 3 and N1b in 8. The prognostic factors for papillary carcinoma were extracapsular spread, age, and distant metastasis, while the only factor for follicular carcinoma was distant metastasis. The 5-year survival for patients with papillary carcinoma was 93.0% and 10-year survival 88.8%, compared to 5-year survival for 93.5% of follicular carcinoma patients and 10-year survival for 93.5%.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Protective effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid against kainate-induced retinal degeneration in rats.

PURPOSE: To investigate the role played by docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the retina, and more specifically, its ability to protect the retina from kainic acid (KA)-induced retinal damage. METHODS: Three-week-old female Wistar rats were used. DHA (1000 mg/kg per day) was fed to the rats for 7, 14, and 28 days, and the concentrations of DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) in the retina and serum were measured. In another group of rats, the right eyes were injected intravitreally with 3.12 nanomoles KA after DHA supplementation for 14 days. Electroretinograms (ERGs) elicited by different stimulus intensities were recorded before and on days 1, 7, and 14 after the KA injection. The amplitudes and implicit times of the a- and b-waves were compared. The number of cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner nuclear layer (INL) were compared by histopathologic examination. RESULTS: The concentration of DHA in the serum and retina increased after DHA supplementation. The concentration of AA in serum decreased with DHA supplementation, but the concentration of AA in retina did not show any significant change. The b-waves of the ERGs recorded after KA injection were significantly attenuated in both groups of rats. However, the attenuation was significantly less in the DHA-supplemented rats than in gum arabic-supplemented control rats. The numbers of cells in the INL and GCL were significantly higher in DHA-supplemented rats. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that DHA supplementation can partially counteract KA neurotoxicity in the rat retina. DHA may play a role in modulating neuronal excitability by reducing KA-induced responses in the retina.

Animals↗