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Biomedical subjects

M Nishikawa

Publications and source records attributed to M Nishikawa.

At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Simple and sensitive detection of phencyclidine in body fluids by gas chromatography with surface ionization detection.

Phencyclidine (PCP) can be detected in body fluids with very high sensitivity by gas chromatography (GC) with surface ionization detection (SID) using pethidine as internal standard. PCP was extracted with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges from whole blood and urine samples, which gave clean extracts. The calibration curve for spiked whole blood was linear in the range 1.25-20 ng/ml. The detection limit of PCP was approximately 15 pg on-column (0.75 ng/ml sample), which was much lower than by GC-nitrogen phosphorus detection. The recovery of PCP and pethidine from spiked whole blood or urine samples was above 85%. This method seems very useful for the determination of PCP in forensic and clinical toxicology.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1996

High intraocular pressure-induced ischemia and reperfusion injury in the optic nerve and retina in rats.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to describe the damage caused to the retina and the axons of the optic nerve by acute ischemia-reperfusion injury and the extent to which optic nerve damage correlates with the duration if ischemia due to high intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS: Acute ischemia in the retina and optic disc was induced in albino rats by increasing the IOP to 110 mmHg for a period of 45-120 min. Thereafter, the eyes were reperfused at normal IOP after 7 days. The retina and optic nerve were examined by light and electron microscopy, and morphometrical counts of the optic nerve axons were performed. RESULTS: After 45 min of ischemia, electron microscopic examination revealed swelling of mitochondria and degeneration of neurotubules on axons in cross sections of the optic nerve. The axonal counts in eyes subjected to 45 min of ischemia were 29% lower than in control eyes. After 60 min of ischemia, there were distinct disruptions of mitochondria and degeneration of the axons. After 90 min of ischemia, numerous axons showed degeneration with disordered myelin sheaths. Neuronal cell death was seen in the retina, mainly in the ganglion cell layer. CONCLUSION: Damage to the retinal ganglion cell layer and the optic nerve was evident after only 45 min of ischemia in normal eyes. This experiment suggests that seriously injured eyes must be protected from high IOP; if IOP elevation is required during vitrectomy, it is essential to reduce the duration of interruption of blood flow to a minimum.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Very poor prognosis in cases with extravasation of the contrast medium during angiography.

BACKGROUND: The rebleeding of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm in the acute stage has been thought to indicate a very poor prognosis. In our experience, the outcome of patients with extravasation of the contrast medium is worse than that of patients with rerupture under circumstances other than angiography. We demonstrated the poorer outcome of the patients with extravasation, compared to that of the patients developing rerupture under circumstances other than angiography, and examined the factors that contributed to the poorer outcome of the patients with extravasation. METHODS: Among the 641 cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysm, we have handled over the past 10 years, 36 (5.6%) patients have rebled before surgery was performed. Thirteen patients rebled during angiography (Group I), and the remaining 23 patients rebled in other circumstances (Group II). We compared the outcome of both groups. RESULTS: The rebleeding occurred within 6 hours of the initial rupture in 29 (80%) patients. The outcome of Group I was significantly poorer than that of Group II (p < 0.05). In Group I, SD was achieved in only 1 patient and the remaining 12 patients died, while in Group II, 8 patients were in GR or MD, 2 were in SD, and the remaining 13 patients died. CONCLUSION: Because rebleeding during angiography most often occurs in the acute stage and because the outcome of patients with extravasation is very poor, we recommend that the performance of angiography be delayed at least between 3 and 6 hours after the initial rupture.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Bisphosphonates act on osteoblastic cells and inhibit osteoclast formation in mouse marrow cultures.

We examined the mode of action of bisphosphonates on osteoclastic cell recruitment using mouse marrow cultures with or without osteoblastic cells. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells [TRAP(+)MNC] formed in cultures were determined to be osteoclastic cells. In marrow cultures, TRAP(+) MNC formation in the presence of 10(-8) mol/L 1,25(OH)2D3 was not affected by the addition of 10(-6) mol/L dihydrogen (cycloheptylamino)-methylenebisphosphonate monohydrate (YM175). However, it was inhibited in cocultures of marrow cells with osteoblastic cells. The inhibitory effect was evident throughout the entire culture period. YM175 dose dependently inhibited TRAP(+) MNC formation, and other bisphosphonates--pamidronate and alendronate--also inhibited TRAP(+) MNC formation in the coculture. Similar observations were also made in the coculture of spleen cells with osteoblastic cells. The conditioned media of osteoblastic cells treated with 10(-6) mol/L YM175 inhibited TRAP(+) MNC formation in marrow cultures. The presence of YM175 in methylcellulose cultures affected neither the colony formation of monocyte-macrophage lineage, nor TRAP(+) MNC formation in the succeeding cocultures of recovered cells with osteoblastic cells. These results indicate that YM175 and probably other bisphosphonates as well preferentially inhibit the later stage of osteoclastogenesis through its action on osteoblastic cells. Our findings suggest that part of the inhibitory action by osteoblastic cells in the presence of bisphosphonates is mediated through soluble factor(s).

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1996

A role for Rev in the association of HIV-1 gag mRNA with cytoskeletal beta-actin and viral protein expression.

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) Rev acts by inducing the specific nucleocytoplasmic transport of a class of incompletely spliced RNAs that encodes the viral structural proteins. The transfection of HeLa cells with a rev-defective HIV-1 expression plasmid, however, resulted in the export of overexpressed, intron-containing species of viral RNAs, possibly through a default process of nuclear retention. Thus, this system enabled us to directly compare Rev+ and Rev+ cells as to the usage of RRE-containing mRNAs by the cellular translational machinery. Biochemical examination of the transfected cells revealed that although significant levels of gag and env mRNAs were detected in both the presence and absence of Rev, efficient production of viral proteins was strictly dependent on the presence of Rev. A fluorescence in situ hybridisation assay confirmed these findings and provided further evidence that even in the presence of Rev, not all of the viral mRNA was equally translated. At the early phase of RNA export in Rev+ cells, gag mRNA was observed throughout both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm as uniform fine stippling. In addition, the mRNA formed clusters mainly in the perinuclear region, which were not observed in Rev+ cells. In the presence of Rev, expression of the gag protein was limited to these perinuclear sites where the mRNA accumulated. Subsequent staining of the cytoskeletal proteins demonstrated that in Rev+ cells gag mRNA is colocalized with beta-actin in the sites where the RNA formed clusters. In the absence of Rev, in contrast, the gag mRNA failed to associate with the cytoskeletal proteins. These results suggest that in addition to promoting the emergence of intron-containing RNA from the nucleus, Rev plays an important role in the compartmentation of translation by directing RRE-containing mRNAs to the beta-actin to form the perinuclear clusters at which the synthesis of viral structural proteins begins.

Actins↗
PubMed1996

Characterization of the isoenzymes of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in human platelets and the effects of E4021.

In extracts of human platelets, three isoenzymes of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE), namely, PDE2, PDE3, and PDE5, were identified; activities of PDE1 and PDE4 were not detected. In human platelets, the cGMP-hydrolytic activity was about six times higher than the cAMP-hydrolytic activity, and PDE5 and PDE3 are the major phosphodiesterase isoenzymes that hydrolyze cGMP and cAMP, respectively. PDE5 exhibited organ-specific expression in humans, and platelets were among the tissues richest in PDE5. A novel inhibitor of PDE5, sodium 1-[6-chloro-4-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)aminoquinazolin-2-yl ] piperidine-4-carboxylate sesquihydrate (E4021), was a potent and highly selective inhibitor of human platelet PDE5. However, E4021 (up to 10 microM) did not inhibit 9,11-epithio-11,12-methano-thromboxane A2-induced platelet aggregation, in vitro. E4021 plus SIN-1 (3-morpholino-sydnonimine), at concentrations that had little effect individually, inhibited aggregation. These results suggest the unique distribution of phosphodiesterase isoenzymes in human platelets and the PDE5 inhibitors might be useful as a new class of antiplatelet drugs.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1996

Analysis of the thromboxane/prostacyclin balance in human urine by gas chromatography/selected ion monitoring: abnormalities in diabetics.

We microanalyzed 2,3-dinor-6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1 alpha 1) and 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 (11-dehydro-TXB2, 2) in human urine. Samples containing a [2H4]-analogue as an internal standard were extracted by chromatography using Sep Pak tC18 and silica gel. The compounds were then analysed by means of the lactone ring opening reaction and dimethylisopropylsilylation. The conversion of 1 to 1-methyl ester (ME)-propylamide (PA)-9, 12, 15-dimethylisopropylsilyl (DMIPS) ether derivative and of 2 to 1-ME-6-methoxime (MO)-9, 12, 15-tris-DMIPS ether derivative was followed by gas chromatography/selected ion monitoring (GC/SIM). Interfering substances from the urine matrix were eliminated during GC/SIM analysis using a DB-5 column. We were able to detect 1 (222-1031 pg/mg creatinine) and 2 (18-155 pg/mg creatinine) in human urine. Furthermore, the thromboxane/prostacyclin (IX/PGI) ratio in the urine of diabetics was higher than that of healthy volunteers. This method can be used to determine the TX/PGI balance in human urine.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1996

Development and pharmacokinetics of galactosylated poly-L-glutamic acid as a biodegradable carrier for liver-specific drug delivery.

PURPOSE: A biodegradable carrier for the liver-specific delivery of drugs was developed using poly-L-glutamic acid (PLGA) modified with galactose (galactosylated PLGA or Gal-PLGA), and its feasibility was investigated in mice. METHODS: 111In-PLGA and 111In-Gal-PLGAs were injected in mice and their distribution and biodegradation properties were studied. RESULTS: After intravenous injection. 111In-PLGA was rapidly eliminated from the plasma and recovered mainly in the kidneys and urine. Approximately 15% of the dose was recovered in the liver, predominantly in the nonparenchymal cells. 111In-Gal-PLGAs were taken up by the liver parenchymal cells. Derivatives having 16 or more galactose residues were taken up by the liver to a higher extent (> 60% of the dose). The hepatic clearance of 111In-Gal-PLGAs correlated with their number of galactose residues. 111In-Gal18-PLGA was degraded into low-molecular weight products in the liver. CONCLUSIONS: The advantageous in vivo properties of Gal-PLGA as a liver-specific biodegradable carrier of drugs were demonstrated in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Studies of retroorbital tissue xenografts from patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice: detection of thyroid-stimulating antibody.

The pathogenesis of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is still unclear and the possible role of TSH receptor antibody in the development of GO is controversial. However, the recent availability of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice has provided a means to study of human autoimmune thyroid disease in an in vivo environment. In the present study, we xenografted human retroorbital (RO) tissues from 9 patients with GO into 9 SCID mice and the autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 5 of 9 GO patients were engrafted into 5 separate SCID mice to reconstitute the immunological environment of human GO. Mice blood samples were taken every 2 weeks for the measurements of human IgG, thyroglobulin antibody (Tg-Ab), thyroperoxidase (TPO)-Ab, thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Eight weeks after xenografting, mice were killed; RO tissues were analyzed histologically, SCID mice with RO tissues from 2 of 9 GO patients produced human IgG peaking at 6-8 weeks after xenografting. TPO-Abs and TG-Abs were detectable in low titer in mice with RO tissue xenografts from 3/9 and 4/9 GO patients, respectively. The mean level of IFN-gamma in SCID mice with GO RO xenografts was higher than that of a control subject (RO tissue from a non-GO patient). TSAbs were actually produced from 7 of 9 mice xenografted with GO RO tissues, and reached their peaks at 2-8 weeks after xenografting; autologous PBMC (alone, without RO tissues)-engrafted SCID mice did not produce any detectable level of TSAb. The control mouse did not produce any detectable levels of human IgG, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab, or TSAb. Immunohistochemical analysis of orbital mononuclear cell infiltrates revealed a predominance of T lymphocytes, with a small percentage of B lymphocytes in GO RO tissue graft. In conclusion, we have successfully reconstituted the SCID mice with human lymphocytes of RO tissues from patients with GO. Autoreactive B cell clones responsible for secreting TSAb exist in GO RO tissue and may be a key factor in the initiation and/or the progression of GO.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The effect of adding a surfeit of autologous CD8+ T cells to SCID mice after secondary rexenografts of Graves' thyroid tissue.

To investigate the effect of adding a surfeit of CD8+ T cells as a potential immunoregulator in Graves' disease (GD), thyroid tissues from 4 patients with GD and 2 normal subjects (N) were initially xenografted into nude mice. Eight weeks after xenografting, the thyroid tissues, which were then devoid of lymphocytes and appeared normal, were retrieved from the nude mouse, and rexenografted (rexenografts) into severe combined immuno-deficient (SCID) mice; 20 x 10(6) of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) or 20 x 10(6) of CD8(+)-depleted PBMC ("non-CD8 cells," i.e., CD4-enriched PBMC) were simultaneously engrafted into SCID mice with thyroid rexenografts. In addition, 20 x 10(6) of CD8(+)-enriched PBMC ("CD8-doubled" cells, which were prepared to double the percentage of CD8+ T cells compared to that of PBMC) were engrafted into SCID mice with rexenografts from 2 GD and 2 N; finally, 20 x 10(6) of PBMC plus an extra 10 x 10(6) of CD8+ T cells ("extra-CD8 added" cells, total 30 x 10(6) of CD8-enriched cells) were engrafted into separate SCID mice with rexenografts from 2 GD. The reengraftment of GD rexenografts or N rexenografts alone did not result in the detection of thyroperoxidase (TPO)-antibodies (Abs), thyroglobulin (Tg)-Abs, thyroid-stimulating Ab (TSAb) production, human IgG, or lymphocytic infiltration in the xenografts. However, the engraftment of either autologous PBMC or non-CD8 cells from patients with GD and N into SCID mice with rexenografts caused human IgG to become detectable and then rise further in 10 of 17 SCID mice; when human IgG, TPO-Ab, Tg-Ab, and TSAb were quantitated, GD rexenografts plus non-CD8 cells engrafted into SCID mice showed a higher production of each antibody and human IgG than in GD rexenografts plus PBMC, or GD rexenografts plus CD8-doubled cells, or GD rexenografts plus extra "CD8-added" cells. Moreover, when CD8-doubled cells or extra CD8-added cells with rexenografts were engrafted to SCID mice with rexenografts, they showed generally lower production of human IgG and thyroid antibodies compared to SCID mice into which PBMC were engrafted with rexenografts, despite the fact that 50% more cells (30 x 10(6)) were engrafted in the preparations of extra CD8-added cells. In conclusion, CD8+ T cells from patients with GD appeared to suppress the induction of thyroid antibodies, TSAb, and human IgG. The CD8+ cells thus are acting as suppressor or regulatory T cells. Such cells might be important in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

IFN-gamma has a protective role against thyroid-specific autoantibody production in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice xenografted with Graves' thyroid tissue.

We studied the effects of exogenous human IFN-gamma or neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) to IFN-gamma on xenografted human Graves' thyroid tissue in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice to investigate a possible role of IFN-gamma in the pathogenesis of human Graves' disease. Human thyroid tissues from four patients with Graves' disease were xenografted into SCID mice. Two weeks after xenografting, mice were divided into three groups with human IgG levels similar to each other. Mice in the first group were treated with human IFN-gamma daily for 6 weeks; mice in the second (similar) group were treated with an mAb to IFN-gamma; mice in the third group were given mouse IgG only (control group). Blood samples were taken every 2 weeks for human IgG and thyroid-specific autoantibodies (Tg-Ab, TPO-Ab, and thyroid-stimulating antibody). After 6 weeks' treatment, mice were killed, and the thyroid xenograft was examined for thyrocyte HLA-DR expression. Human IgGs were produced equally in all three groups; mice treated with IFN-gamma showed significantly lower amounts of thyroid autoantibodies than those in the control group. Thyrocyte HLA-DR expression was markedly increased in xenografts from mice with IFN-gamma administration. On the other hand, anti-IFN-gamma mAb injection caused only slight suppression of HLA-DR expression on xenografted thyroid cells. In conclusion, IFN-gamma may down-regulate the production of thyroid-specific autoantibodies but not human IgG, at least under these circumstances; there thus may be specific inhibitory effects of IFN-gamma against thyroid-specific autoantibody production of intrathyroidal plasma cells, and this animal model may help to elucidate the possible role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Simultaneous determination of illicit drugs in human urine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The method for simultaneous determination and confirmation of illicit drugs (e.g., methamphetamine, amphetamine, ephedrine, methylephedrine, morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide, 6-acetylmorphine, cocaine, and benzoylecgonine) in human urine by thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was studied. The LC-MS separation was performed on a reversed phase column (L-column ODS; 150 mm x 4.6-mm i.d.) using a gradient mobile phase system of 100mM ammonium acetate for 1 min then linear ramps to 100mM ammonium acetate including 40% acetonitrile at 20 min. Extraction was conducted by solid-phase extraction using a Sep-pak C18 cartridge. The drugs were eluted with 2 mliters of 40% acetonitrile in 100 mM ammonium acetate, pH3 (adjusted with acetic acid), from the cartridge. A 50-microL volume of the eluate was injected into the LC-MS. The recoveries by this extraction were 88 to 99%. The mass spectra of methamphetamine, amphetamine, ephedrine, methylephedrine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, cocaine, and benzoylecgonine showed the quasi-molecular [M + H]+ ion as the base peak, whereas morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide showed [MH-glucuronide]+ ion as the base peak. The calibration graphs were linear and reproducible. Detection limits of these drugs ranged from 2 to 40 ng/mliters by selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode and from 50 to 400 ng/mliters by scan mode. The coefficients of variation for the analysis of these drugs ranged from 4.5 to 9.5% at a concentration of 0.4 micrograms/mliters (n = 10).

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed1996

Involvement of the endogenous opioid system in the drinking behavior of schizophrenic patients displaying self-induced water intoxication: a double-blind controlled study with naloxone.

Previously we found significant suppression of polydipsia in a schizophrenic patient with PIP syndrome (psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia). Suppression was obtained with a small dose of naloxone injected once every 2 weeks in long-term repeated studies. We attempted to confirm the effect of naloxone on PIP syndrome by using a double-blind controlled study. The body weights of eight schizophrenic inpatients with PIP syndrome were checked five times daily, and the maximum weight gain during 1 day was chosen as an index of their polydipsia. Naloxone (0.6 mg in three divided doses) or placebo (saline) injection was given once every 2 weeks three times. Assignment to either the naloxone or placebo series was done randomly in a double-blind, crossover design. Naloxone decreased the maximum weight gain per day significantly in five cases. However, naloxone also increased weight gain significantly in three cases. There was no correlation of the weight-increasing effect of naloxone with the duration and intensity of excessive drinking. Our findings showed that the endogenous opioid system might be related to compulsive drinking behavior in the PIP syndrome and that opioid antagonists such as naloxone or naltrexone could be useful in the therapy of PIP syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Optimal oxygen tension conditions for functioning cultured hepatocytes in vitro.

With a view toward furthering the development of artificial liver systems, we have been culturing hepatocytes in vitro. The object of this research was to investigate the ideal conditions of oxygen tension for the efficient functioning of hepatocytes. Viable hepatocytes isolated from rat livers were cultured under five different oxygen tensions: 5, 10, 20, 50 and 90% O2. DNA contents, gluconeogenesis, urea synthesis, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and lipid peroxidation of hepatocytes were evaluated. Under the 5% oxygen conditions, the function of hepatocytes was very inferior and was accompanied by a low ATP level. However, hepatocytes cultured under 90% oxygen tension functioned less effectively than the control (20% O2) with elevated lipid peroxidation. The data in this study suggest that the optimum oxygen condition for cultured hepatocytes is 10 approximately 50%, and that especially under conditions of 20% oxygen tension, i.e., that of the ordinary atmosphere, hepatocytes can function most effectively.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1996

Muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptor expression in peripheral lung from normal and asthmatic patients.

We used human peripheral lung from 8 mildly asthmatic patients and 11 normal donors to study the expression of muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors in asthma. There was no significant difference in the affinity or the density of muscarinic (labeled with [N-methyl-3H]scopolamine) and beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors (labeled with [125I]iodocyanopindolol) in peripheral lung from asthmatics compared with nonasthmatics. Only the muscarinic m1 receptor mRNA was detected in human lung using Northern blot analysis. Additionally, peripheral lung cellular mRNA hybridized to human beta 1 and beta 2 cDNA probes, giving 3.2- and 2.2-kb hands corresponding to beta 1 and beta 2-adrenergic receptors mRNA, respectively. Densitometric scanning of the autoradiograms suggests that there was no significant difference in the relative abundance of muscarinic m1 and beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptor mRNA in asthmatic compared with nonasthmatic lungs. Functional experiments obtained in trachea suggest that there was an increase in the cholinergic neural response evoked by electrical field stimulation in asthmatic compared with nonasthmatic tissues which was not due to a reduction in inhibitory noncholinergic nonadrenergic relaxations.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Docosahexaenoic acid reduces GABA response in substantia nigra neuron of rat.

.1. The effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) response (IGABA) were investigated on the neuron acutely dissociated from rat substantia nigra (SN), with the use of patch recordings in a whole cell mode. 2. DHA (5 x 10(-6) M) reduced bicuculline-sensitive GABA (10(-4) M) current by 50.3 +/- 13.1% (mean +/- SE) at a holding potential (Vh) of -40 mV under voltage clamp. 3. The GABA concentrations for the half-maximum and threshold of IGABA were not altered by the presence or absence of 5 x 10(-6) M DHA in the external solution. 4. The decrease of 10(-4) M IGABA, following the peak during GABA application, was more rapid in the presence of 5 x 10(-6) M DHA than in its absence. The time constants for IGABA decay were significantly different between the two conditions. 5. DHA reduced the IGABA and the glycine-induced response (Igly) in a concentration-dependent manner. On the contrary, DHA potentiated the aspartate-induced response (Iasp) in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that DHA influences the activity of chloride channels but does not exhibit a nonspecific blocking effect on any ionic channel. 6. The application of thimerosal did not affect the reduction of IGABA by DHA, suggesting it unlikely that DHA reduces the IGABA by binding to phospholipids or triglycerides and altering the lipid environment around the chloride channel. 7. Arachidonic acid (AA) also reduced the IGABA in a manner similar to DHA. Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) reduced the IGABA less potently than DHA. Other polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids, such as docosatrienoic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid, had very little or no effect on the IGABA. 8. DHA, as well as AA, may play an important role in modulating neuronal excitability by reducing the IGABA and Igly, and potentiating N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated responses in the SN.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Study of components in crude drugs by headspace gas chromatography. II. Components of atractylodes].

Determination of volatile components in essential oils from Atractylodis plants was studied by headspace gas chromatography. The crude drug of 0.20 g with 1.0 ml of water in a capped vial was heated at 130 degrees C for 45 min. Then 0.5 ml of vaporized components were collected by gas tightsillinge, and were applied into the injection port of GC or GC/MS. Consequently we could analyze and confirm the following components; hinesol and beta-eudesmol were found to be contained in Atractylodis Lanceae Rhizoma and atractylon in Atractylodis Rhizoma. beta-Eudesmol was analyzed by headspace gas chromatography, and the obtained calibration curve showed good linearity over the range from 2.5 micrograms to 10.0 mg. The result agreed with those obtained using numerical analyses by the steam distillation method. Atractylodis was found to have a wide variety of components depending on the available sources and on the stored conditions. This method was, therefore, more rapid and simpler determination of essential oils in crude drugs using headspace gas chromatography than those used previously. The method was useful means of the analyses of components in crude drugs such as Atractylodis plants and quality control.

Chromatography, Gas↗