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Biomedical subjects

M Misra

Publications and source records attributed to M Misra.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Subdural-peritoneal shunt: treatment for bilateral chronic subdural hematoma.

BACKGROUND: Various modalities have been advocated and practiced to maximize the effectiveness of treatment for chronic subdural hematoma. Most patients with chronic subdural hematoma are successfully treated with simple burr-hole evacuation and external drainage. Hematomas with thick membranes have been found to persist or recur, sometimes necessitating reoperation or major surgery; however, they have been satisfactorily treated by repeated drainage or tapping as well. Chronic subdural hematoma can sometimes become an intractable and difficult problem. In recurring chronic collections, subdural-peritoneal shunts have been used as a mode of treatment. Treatment of recurrent subdural collection in infants has been successfully achieved by using subdural-peritoneal shunts. There is also literature to support a similar treatment for recurrent chronic subdural hematoma in older patients. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report a case of recurrent bilateral chronic subdural hematoma in an adult, which was successfully managed by repeated burr-hole evacuation initially, followed by insertion of a subdural-peritoneal shunt. The patient did well clinically, and computerized axial tomography did not reveal any subdural collection on follow-up. CONCLUSION: Treatment of recurrent chronic subdural hematoma is usually straightforward; however, it can sometimes be refractory to regular treatment. In managing such cases, we recommend placement of a subdural-peritoneal shunt in preference to a more complicated craniotomy and membranectomy.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Magnetic field gradients in the MRI suite and their effects on aneurysm clips.

We studied magnetic field intensity in the magnetic resonance imaging suite at our hospital and its possible effect on several different types of aneurysm clips, including one Heifetz 17-7 PH, six Heifetz Elgiloy, one Mayfield, six Perneczky, fifteen Sugita, one Sundt-Kees Variangle, four Variangle-McFadden and fifteen Yasargil clips. We carefully observed the clips for any translational or rotational movements along the path from the door towards the magnetic resonance imaging gantry. The magnetic field strength was 0.04 kiloGauss at the entrance of the room, with an acute increase of magnetic strength at 310 cm away from the entrance to the room, 90 cm to the entrance of the gantry. The magnetic strength continued to increase at a rate of 1.0-1.5 kiloGauss for every 20 cm up to the entrance to the gantry. No movement was observed in any of the clips at the entrance to the suite except for the Heifetz 17-7 PH clip, which showed small movement in the longitudinal plane of the clip. At the entrance to the gantry, the Heifetz 17-7 PH, Sundt-Kees Variangle, and Mayfield clips were aligned on the walls of the test container perpendicular to the magnetic bore. The, Heifetz Elgiloy, Perneczky, Sugita, Variangle-McFadden, and Yasargil clips showed no movement throughout the path of the stretcher or near the gantry.

Aneurysm↗
PubMed1996

Prevention of diabetes in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat by the glutamine antimetabolite acivicin.

The autoimmune syndrome of the BB rat is associated with a marked increase in glutamine (Gln) metabolism in immune system cells of both diabetes-prone (BBdp) and diabetic (BBd) rats. To test whether inhibition of Gln metabolism prevents diabetes, 17 BBdp received acivicin (1 mg/kg) and 17 received saline subcutaneously every 2 days from age 48 days until diabetes onset or age 186 days. Twenty-seven non-diabetes-prone (BBn) rats served as controls. Acivicin caused some growth effects and a macrocytic anemia, but no other clinical or biochemical side effects. Only one acivicin-treated BBdp became diabetic (age 158 days), compared with saline-treated rats, of which 10 became diabetic and 2 became glucose intolerant (p < 0.001). Insulitis was moderate to severe in 88% of the saline-treated BBdp rats, but minimal in most acivicin-treated BBdp rats. Liver glutamine and glutamate tended to be higher in acivicin- than saline-treated BBdp rats. Acivicin caused no change in the proportions of T or B lymphocytes, NK cells, or macrophage phenotypes in spleen or blood; all BBdp rats were typically lymphopenic. Mitogenic responses of splenocytes in vitro were not affected. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that acivicin, by interfering with Gln metabolism, "targets" activated cells of the immune system and thereby attenuates the process and prevents overt diabetes, without major disturbance of Gln levels or generalized immunosuppression. This prevention is not due to a nutritional-growth retardation effect, as diabetes was prevented in females that showed no such effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Nutritional effects of amino acid dialysate (Nutrineal) in CAPD patients.

The use of amino acid dialysate (AAD) has been shown to improve the nutritional status of malnourished continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. We report on a randomized, prospective, cross-over study evaluating the effects of a single, daily, postprandial 2-L exchange of 1.1% AAD (Nutrineal) on a nutritionally unselected group of 18 stable CAPD patients. Patients in group A (n = 10) were randomized to receive AAD in the initial six months, whereas group B (n = 8) patients received AAD in the final six months of the study. Regular biochemical, hematological, and anthropometric measurements were made. A computerized nutrition score(1) combined anthropometry, serum albumin, and total lymphocyte count. Improved nutritional status was indicated by a decreased score. Mean serum albumin and transferrin did not show a significant rise in either group. However, patients in group A, with a mean serum albumin of less than 30 g/L, showed a significant rise at two months, which persisted at six months (26.8 g/L on entry, 29.0 g/L at two months, 30.1 g/L at six months; p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Treatment with AAD showed a trend towards improvement in midarm muscle circumference in both groups (22.9 -23.5 cm, group A; 22.9-23.7 cm, group B). The nutrition score improved in both groups but was significant only in group A (14.6 to 13.1; p = 0.02). These effects of AAD on the nutritional status of CAPD patients need validation in a long-term study to evaluate the effects on morbidity and mortality.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Modified solution for filling MRI coordinate indicators for the ZD stereotactic frame.

Increased use of magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography in stereotactic planning highlight some technical problems in imaging. Visualization of markers during imaging are vital in stereotactic planning. In magnetic resonance imaging-guided stereotaxy, specially designed plates are used that contain water-based copper sulfate solutions as a marker. Replacement of copper sulfate solution is usually required after some time due to precipitation and leaking. The refilling procedure is quite cumbersome and can cause technical problems in imaging. In this study, we describe copper sulfate solution mixed with a water-soluble gel as a simple but useful alternative to water-based copper sulfate resolution to ease the refilling procedure and to overcome the air bubbles.

Copper↗
PubMed1995

Epidemiology of low birth weight in an industrial area in India.

In an industrial hospital in India, a 23 per cent prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) was detected, of which 76 per cent were full term small for date (SFD) babies. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) comprised the single most common obstetrical problem associated with term SFD births (31 per cent). Age, parity, booking and socio-economic status were all found to contribute to LBW. Babies weighing between 2.25 and 2.5 kg did not show any significant difference in mortality and morbidity as compared to babies weighing more than 2.5 kg at birth. Despite the lower prevalence of LBW found in this study conducted in a fairly literate urban population, an attempt can be made to further decrease this figure.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Efficacy of liposome encapsulated triethylenetetraamine hexaacetic acid (TTHA) against cadmium intoxication: role of lipid composition.

Efficacy of Triethylenetetraamine hexaacetic acid (TTHA) encapsulated in liposomes having different lipid compositions was examined in animals pre-exposed to cadmium. Mice were injected with cadmium as cadmium (II) chloride 0.5 mg/kg b. wt. intraperitoneally daily for five days. Four weeks after the last injection of cadmium they were administered three injections of TTHA encapsulated in liposomes composed of either phosphatidyl choline:cholesterol (PC:Chol) or sphingomyelin:cholesterol (SM:Chol) in 1:1 molar ratio at a gap of 48 h. Urinary and fecal elimination of cadmium and its distribution in liver, kidneys and spleen were examined. Treatment with TTHA encapsulated in liposomes mobilized higher amount of cadmium from liver and spleen. The overall efficiency for cadmium mobilization was better in TTHA encapsulated in SM:Chol liposome treated group which also led to enhanced excretion of cadmium through urine and feces. The results indicate that TTHA encapsulated in SM:Chol liposomes exhibited highest efficacy in mobilizing cadmium from the body of pre-exposed mice followed by PC:Chol liposomes and the free drug.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Reduction of cis-platinum induced nephrotoxicity by zinc histidine complex : the possible implication of nitric oxide.

Cisplatin is a prominent member of the effective broad spectrum antitumor drugs. The clinical usage of cisplatin is, however, restricted due to some adverse side effects including renal toxicity. The present study demonstrates the protective effect of a Zinc-chelate of histidine, [Zn-Hist], against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity as shown by decreases in BUN, creatinine and lower incidence of diarrhoea. The observed inhibition in cisplatin induced renal and hepatic lipid peroxidation by [Zn-Hist] pretreatment, suggests an importance for Zn in stabilisation of membrane integrity probably through the displacement of the redox-active metals that may be responsible for inducing peroxidative damage at target sites. The findings also suggest that cisplatin may play biochemical role in arginine-metabolism including nitric oxide (NO) production.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A model for the nutritional transport in capillary-tissue exchange system.

By introducing the lubrication theory to the squeezing flow of the plasma between the cell and the vessel wall, an analysis of the flow and the nutritional transport within the tissue has been presented in this paper. Cells are assumed to flow in a single file, with axi-symmetric shapes. The concentration profiles of the dissolved nutrients within the tissue have been drawn under the assumption of the uniform distribution in the capillary due to continuous mixing in bolus flows between the 2 adjacent cells in the capillary. The analysis concludes that, in diseased state, the penetration depth for the substance in the tissue decreases and the cells in the deeper region do not get sufficient nutrition for their survival and they die out.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1994

Two pathways for chromium(VI)-induced DNA damage in 14 day chick embryos: Cr-DNA binding in liver and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine in red blood cells.

Previous studies have shown that chromium(VI) induced cell-specific types of DNA damage, i.e. DNA cross-links in liver and DNA strand breaks in red blood cells, in 14 day chick embryos. Direct and indirect pathways for chromium(VI)-mediated DNA damage, in the form of Cr-DNA binding and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) respectively, were examined in liver and red blood cells of 14 day chick embryos. Levels of hepatic Cr-DNA binding increased in a Cr(VI) dose-dependent manner. Cr-DNA binding in red blood cells was 10-fold lower than in liver, although the Cr-uptake in red blood cells was only 2-fold lower than in liver. The level of 8-oxo-dG formation in red blood cells increased at all Cr(VI) doses tested but peaked at 0.10 mmol Cr(VI)/kg, whereas no increase in 8-oxo-dG levels over background levels was observed in liver of Cr(VI)-treated embryos. The possible role of glutathione in modulating Cr(VI)-induced DNA damage was examined by using L-buthionine-R,S-sulfoximine (BSO) to deplete glutathione. No changes in glutathione levels were observed in either liver or red blood cells of embryos treated with Cr(VI) in the presence or absence of BSO pretreatment. Ascorbate levels in liver and red blood cells were not affected by treatment of embryos with chromium(VI), BSO or Cr(VI) and BSO. Depletion of glutathione by BSO resulted in a small increase of chromium uptake in liver of embryos treated with 0.050 and 0.10 mmol Cr(VI)/kg, but had no effect on hepatic chromium uptake at 0.20 mmol Cr(VI)/kg. BSO had no effect on chromium uptake in red blood cells. Depletion of glutathione had no effect on hepatic or red blood cells Cr-DNA binding in embryos treated with Cr(VI). However, depletion of glutathione significantly decreased the 8-oxo-dG levels in red blood cells at all Cr(VI) doses tested. Levels of 8-oxo-dG in liver of Cr(VI)-treated embryos remained at background in the presence or absence of BSO pretreatment. These results indicate that Cr(VI)-induced DNA damage in 14 day chick embryos is through a direct interaction of chromium with DNA in liver, but is through an indirect oxidative pathway in red blood cells. It appears that glutathione plays an important role in chromium(VI)-induced formation of 8-oxo-dG in red blood cells.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗
PubMed1994

The genotoxic carcinogen chromium(VI) alters the metal-inducible expression but not the basal expression of the metallothionein gene in vivo.

The ability of the carcinogen chromium(VI) to affect the basal and zinc-inducible expression of liver metallothionein was examined in 14- and 18-day chicken embryos in vivo. Metallothionein expression varied with the stage of embryo development, with basal steady-state mRNA levels being approximately three times lower in livers of 18-day versus 14-day chicken embryos. Chromium(VI) treatment had no effect on the basal steady-state levels of metallothionein mRNA and protein in either 14- or 18-day chicken embryo liver. Treatment of 14-day embryos with zinc(II) resulted in a 3- to 5-fold increase in steady-state levels of metallothionein mRNA in liver. Pre-treatment of 14-day embryos with chromium(VI) inhibited the zinc(II)-induced increase in steady-state levels of metallothionein mRNA and protein in liver by 30-50%. In contrast, chromium(VI) and/or zinc(II) treatments had no effect on steady-state levels of beta-actin mRNA.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Clinical evaluation of Tc-99m cystine. A new renal radiopharmaceutical.

Tc-99m cystine has been proved to be a good renal agent in animals. Its clinical evaluation has not been reported. In this study, Tc-99m cystine is used for evaluation of renal function in normal subjects and patients with chronic renal failure as well as in renal transplant patients. The results are compared with similar studies using Tc-99m DTPA and Tc-99m GHA. The clearance values also are compared with I-131 OIH. The results show that Tc-99m cystine has good radiopharmaceutical characteristics suitable for evaluation of both renal function as well as morphology.

Cystine↗
PubMed1994

Clinical evaluation of Tc-99m cystine. A new renal radiopharmaceutical.

Tc-99m cystine has been proven to be a good renal agent in animals, but its clinical evaluation has not been reported. In this study, Tc-99m cystine was used for evaluation of renal function in normal subjects and patients with chronic renal failure as well as in renal transplant patients. The results are compared with similar studies that used Tc-99m DTPA and Tc-99m GHA. The clearance values also have been compared with I-131 OIH clearance. The results show that Tc-99m cystine has good radiopharmaceutical characteristics suitable for evaluation of both renal function as well as morphology.

Cystine↗