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M Martikainen

Publications and source records attributed to M Martikainen.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

IL-10 is highly expressed in the cryptorchid cryptepididymal epithelium: a probable mechanism preventing immune responses against autoantigenic spermatozoa in the epididymal tubule.

The expression of several immunoregulatory adhesion proteins and cytokines was studied in the normal epididymis, cryptorchid cryptepididymis, the epididymis of oestrogen-treated mice and the epididymis of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice at the protein level to see which of these immunoregulatory proteins may be involved in lymphocyte regulation in the normal or pathological epididymis and if cytokine balance in this organ is on the cellular or humoral side. The aim of the study was to characterize the immunological microenvironment of the epididymis to explain the survival of the autoantigenic spermatozoa in this site. In the 6-week-old BALB/c or NOD mouse epididymis there were some CD18 and CD44 expressing cells in the interstitial tissue. There were no differences between these strains in the expression of the studied antigens, except that some CD4 positive cells were present in the interstitial tissue of BALB/c mice. In the cryptorchid cryptepididymis CD4, CD8, CD18, CD44, CD54 and CD106 expressing cells were occasionally present in the connective tissue surrounding the epididymal tubule. In the epididymis of the oestrogen-treated mice these antigens were not expressed. In the cryptorchid cryptepididymis the epithelial cells expressed IL-10 highly and the myoid peritubular cells IL-6. The present results suggest that the epididymal epithelial IL-10 suppressing TH0, TH1 and TH2 immune responses may be involved in the protection of autoantigenic spermatozoa from immune destruction.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Two percent lidocaine spinal anaesthesia compared with sevoflurane anaesthesia in ambulatory knee surgery - cost-effectiveness, home readiness and recovery profiles.

A total of 60 patients scheduled for elective knee arthroscopy were randomized to receive spinal anaesthesia (SA) with 2% lidocaine (n=30) or general anaesthesia with sevoflurane (SE) (n=30). SA and SE were compared in terms of the total costs of anaesthesia. The time to reach home readiness and the total time spent in the recovery unit (RU) were assessed. The early postoperative period and recovery at 24 h and 1 week were evaluated in terms of the incidence of pain, sedation, nausea and general satisfaction with the method of anaesthesia and postoperative instructions. The total costs of anaesthetic materials in the operation theatre (OT) and anaesthetic materials and personnel costs until home readiness was achieved in the RU were 160.7 FIM (1 FIM=0.17 EUR) for SA and 171.0 FIM for SE (not significant). The corresponding sums were 197.2 FIM for SA and 224.4 FIM for SE (P=0.001) when the total stay in RU was considered. The time to reach home readiness was 140.8 min (S.D. 52) in the SA group and 96.4 min (S.D. 62) in the SE group (P=0.02). There were no differences in the total RU time (224.0 min (S.D. 67) for SA and 218.0 min (S.D. 59) for SE). The level of postoperative pain was generally low, as all the SA patients and 86.7% of the SE patients had VAS<4 2 h postoperatively. Six SA patients (20.0%) had postoperative headache and two of them also had headache in the supine position. There were no headaches in the SE group (P=0.024). None of the patients in the SA group and six SE patients (20.0%) had nausea (needed treatment) in the RU (P=0.024). Four patients (13.3%) in the SE group and 1 patient (3.3%) in the SA group had nausea during the first 24 h postoperatively. All the patients were alert 60 min postoperatively with no difference between the groups and they were very satisfied during the first 24 h. All patients would have liked to have a similar operation done on an ambulatory basis. 93.3% said they would choose the same kind of anaesthesia. 91.7% were satisfied with the first week.General anaesthesia with SE is more cost-effective than SA with 2% lidocaine in ambulatory knee surgery if a short RU time is needed. The patients do generally well, but the incidence of postspinal headache with SA, adequate postoperative pain treatment and the possibility to have nausea with SE must be kept in mind.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Cytokines in the BALB/c mouse testis in various conditions.

AIM: To investigate whether testosterone, estrogens, vasectomy, experimental cryptorchidism, varicocele or aging would induce changes in the cytokine environment of the mouse testis. METHODS: In adult male BALB/c mice, testosterone implants, estradiol benzoate, vasectomy, unilateral cryptorchidism, unilateral varicocele were administered/performed. The mice were followed up for different periods of time and were then sacrificed with testes incised for examination. The control mice received the vehicle or sham-operation. RESULTS: IL-10 was present in Leydig cells of nearly every testis and IL-10 + macrophages in 39% of testes. IL-6 was found in the testes of intact adult mice, mice treated with testosterone for 70 days, cryptorchid testes and sham-operated testes. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that IL-10 might be involved in the generation of the immunologically privileged microenvironment in the testis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

One-week recovery profiles after spinal, propofol, isoflurane and desflurane anaesthesia in ambulatory knee arthroscopy.

There are comprehensive findings on the immediate recovery of patients from different types of anaesthesia, but more information is needed on how patients manage at home after ambulatory surgery. One hundred and seventy-three elective knee arthroscopy patients were randomised into four different anaesthesia groups to receive either spinal anaesthesia (SA) with 5% lidocaine or general anaesthesia (GA) with propofol infusion, isoflurane inhalation or desflurane inhalation. The patients were interviewed over the phone on the next day and asked to complete a questionnaire after 1 week. One hundred and sixty-eight patients (97%) were reached by phone. The questionnaire was returned by 163 patients (94%). After 24 h, all the patients were satisfied with the type of anaesthesia they had received, but 2% of the SA patients would have chosen GA and 4.3% of the GA patients would have chosen SA for the next operation. Based on the questionnaires returned after 1 week, 8.3% of the SA patients would have wanted to have GA, and 4.7% of the GA patients would have wanted to have SA in the future. The incidence of nausea (4.2%) and vomiting (1.8%) was very low in the whole series, with no differences between the anaesthesia groups. Headache after 24 h was experienced by 15.7% of the SA and 10.3% of the GA patients. After 1 week, SA patients reported headache upon standing in 13.5% of the cases, backache in 36.5% and lower leg pain in 59.6%. The corresponding figures for GA patients were 4.5, 9.9 and 39.6% (P<0.05). In spite of the good immediate recovery profile in the all anaesthesia groups, the fact that SA patients reported a higher incidence of headache, backache and lower leg pain after 1 week may be signs of post spinal headache and transient neurologic symptoms (TNS). For overall patient comfort, GA might be a better anaesthetic choice in ambulatory surgery.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Sperm antibodies in rat models of male hormonal contraception and vasectomy.

The presence of sperm antibodies correlates with nearly every pathological condition of the male reproductive tract. In the seasonal breeder, mink, a decrease in gonadotrophin secretion and testicular regression also induces sperm antibodies. Because the Sertoli cells and the principal cells of the epididymis (i.e. the cells mainly responsible for protection of germ cells from autoimmune destruction) are dependent on androgens, and because the androgen concentration decreases in both the testis and epididymis during male hormonal contraception, the presence of IgG class sperm antibodies in serum was studied in rats during the suppression and recovery phases of testosterone contraception and after vasectomy. Five-centimetre long testosterone implants were placed under the dorsal skin of rats under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. The control rats received empty implants. All implants were left in the rats for 27 or 53 days. The total number of testicular antigens detected by sera from the vasectomized rats increased significantly until 66 days post-operation, and then decreased to the levels of intact rats. The number of testicular antigens detected by sera from rats receiving contraceptive doses of testosterone did not increase before the testosterone capsules were removed, but at 40 days post removal of the silastic capsules, the number of antigens detected by the sera was significantly higher than in intact rats and at 77 days post removal of the silastic capsules, the number of antigens detected by the sera was significantly higher than at 27 days after starting testosterone administration. No significant changes in the number of antigens detected by the sera could be observed after the implanting of empty capsules or after their removal. Vasectomy mostly induced antibodies against testicular antigens in the molecular ratio ranges of 70-82, 25-33 and 21-24.5 kD. Antibodies against antigens in these molecular ratio ranges were not significantly induced during or after treatment with contraceptive doses of testosterone. Cell nuclei with apoptotic morphology could be observed in the seminiferous tubules of the vasectomized rats, but DNA in situ 3'-end labelling of testes could not confirm any differences between the testes of vasectomized and sham-operated rats or between testosterone-treated and empty implant-treated rats. CD3+ T cells could not be observed in the testes of any of the treatment groups. These results suggest that the immunological conditions remain stable in the testes after vasectomy and during testosterone treatment, but that the animals are more prone to develop autoantibodies after vasectomy and during recovery from treatment with exogenous testosterone.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

CD106 (VCAM-1) in testicular immunoregulation.

The expression of CD18, CD49d/CD29, CD44, CD54 and CD106 was studied in the testis of normal mice at various ages, in the cryptorchid testis, in the testis of estrogen-treated mice and in the testis of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, using immunocytochemistry to see which of these lymphocyte and endothelial adhesion proteins may be involved in lymphocyte regulation in the testis. CD18-, CD49d/CD29-, CD44- and CD54-expressing cells were not found in the normal > 10-week-old BALB/c mouse testis. Leydig cells expressed CD106 strongly at this age. In contrast to the > 10-week-old testis, only very few interstitial cells of the 2-week-old normal mice expressed CD106. The expression of CD106 increased gradually with age so that at 6 weeks of age the expression of CD106 was moderate in the interstitial tissue. In the experimentally abdominal testis, CD106 was expressed in the interstitial tissue as strongly as in the contralateral scrotal testis. CD44- and CD18-expressing cells were occasionally present in the interstitial tissue of the abdominal testis, but not in the contralateral scrotal testis. CD54 was present in the epithelium of the ductuli efferentes. In the testis of the estrogen-treated mice, CD106 was expressed in the interstitial tissue as strongly as in the normal mice. Occasional CD44- and CD18-expressing cells were found in the testicular capsule. In the testis of adult NOD mice, CD106 was present in the interstitial tissue, but none of the other studied proteins. Immunoblotting of CD106 from the adult testis under reducing conditions demonstrated a single broad band with a M(r) of 51-65 kDa. This is a novel isoform of CD106. In a modified Stamper-Woodruff assay, lymphocytes bound to the testicular interstitial tissue. In co-incubations of native Leydig cells and lymphocytes, anti-CD106 antibodies prevented formation of Leydig cell-lymphocyte rosettes more than isotype-matched irrelevant control antibodies, suggesting that Leydig cell lymphocyte binding occurs through CD106-CD49d interactions. In lymphocyte cultures in the presence of anti-CD3, anti-CD28, the M(r) > 5 K fraction of testis extract (containing CD106 as shown by immunoblotting) and anti-CD106 or control antibody, anti-CD106 did not consistently affect T cell 3H-TdR incorporation. The present results suggest that CD106 expressed by the Leydig cells may act as an adhesion-promoting molecule or a co-stimulatory factor for T cells migrating to the testis.

Animals↗