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Biomedical subjects

M Møller

Publications and source records attributed to M Møller.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

'alpha pattern coma' following cerebral anoxia.

In 30 patients, who were all comatose as a result of cerebral anoxia after cardiac arrest, at least one EEG with activity in the alpha frequency range was recorded. Regionally the activity of the above mentioned characteristic was often diffusely distributed or most pronounced occipitally, whereas a tendency to affect other regions was rarely observed. In 50% of the patients, where more than one EEG was recorded, the 'alpha' rhythm was still present in the following record. Only one of the patients survived, and even so, with considerable mental defects. In 4 patients the level of consciousness improved, but 3 of them never reached a definite level of cortical function and died as a result of cerebral anoxia.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Determination of halogenated organic compounds and mutagenicity testing of spent bleach liquors.

The content of organohalogenated compounds in spent bleach liquor from different bleaching stages in a sulphate and a sulphite plant has been determined by a combination of glass capillary gas chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and neutron activation analysis. Several compounds which have not been reported before have been identified including halogenated derivatives of dimethyl-propylnaphthalenes and alkylated catechols. The unconcentrated effluents, non-polar and total extracts were tested for mutagenic activity with Ames' Salmonella test. Spent bleach liquors from most bleaching stages as well as the total effluents contained mutagenic compounds. Addition of liver microsomes for metabolic activation reduced the mutagenic activity in all stages except for the first chlorination stage in the sulphate plant. Two isomers of chloro-, bromo-, and dichloro-p-cymene previously determined in effluents from bleaching plants were synthesized from the parent molecule. Both bromo- and dichloro-p-cymene exhibited weak mutagenic activity in the Salmonella test system. Liver microsomes reduced the effect slightly. The chlorinated cymenes were found to account for up to 18% of the total organically-bound chlorine in the non-polar extracts.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1979

Calcification in a pineal tumour studied by transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and x-ray microanalysis.

The calcification in a totally calcified pineal tumour was studied. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the tumour was a pinealoma. The type of calcification was investigated by bright-field and dark-field transmission electron microscopy in addition to electron diffraction and electron-induced x-ray fluorescence. The calcified material consisted predominantly of amorphous calcium phosphate. The type of calcification differs from the normal calcification present in pineal acervuli which consists of crystalline hydroxypatite.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1978

Vascular permeability to proteins and peptides in the mouse pineal gland.

The permeability of fenestrated capillaries in the mouse pineal gland to proteins and peptides was demonstrated by means of ultrastructural tracers. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and microperoxidase (MP) were injected intravenously and allowed to circulate for approximately 30 s, 1 min, 5 min, 1 or 2 h. The tissue was then fixed by vascular perfusion or by immersion with aldehydes. In all experiments a pronounced extravasation of HRP and MP occurred. Transendothelial vesicular transport seemed to have occurred across the fenestrated capillaries. The most pronounced tracer labeling of vesicles was found after 1 min of MP- or HRP-circulation. The vesicles were uncoated and more than 70% of the HRP- and MP-containing vesicles exhibited diameters between 50 and 110 nm. Furthermore, three other transcapillary pathways taken by the tracers are suggested: 1) via intercellular junctions, 2) through fenestrae and 3) via channels formed by fusion of vesicles with the luminal and abluminal cell membranes. Based on these results, it is assumed that the capillaries in the mouse pineal gland also permeable to peptides synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Presence of a pineal nerve (nervus pinealis) in the human fetus: a light and electron microscopical study of the innervation of the pineal gland.

The presence of a hitherto undiscovered nerve located in the subarachnoidal space just caudal to the pineal organ, connecting this organ and the posterior commissure, was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy in a series of 18 human fetuses. This nerve is believed to be ontogenetically equivalent to the pineal nerve observed in the anuran amphibians. The nerve was present in fetuses with a CRL of 56 mm and had not disappeared in fetuses with a CRL of 169 mm. The gestational age at which this human fetal nerve degenerates could not be determined in this study. In addition to the bilateral conarian nerve a habenulopineal tract and an intrapineal ganglion were observed. The presence of the classical Pastori and Marburg ganglia was confirmed, and a new ganglion lying rostral to the pineal organ was seen too.

Female↗
PubMed1978

Metacarpal morphometry in monozygotic dizygotic elderly twins.

The relative importance of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of age related bone loss has been investigated in a study involving 17 monozygotic (MZ) and 8 dizygotic (DZ) pairs of twins aged 64 to 75 years. Radiographic morphometry was performed at the midpoints of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metacarpals of both hands and the mean total and cortical widths were evaluated. The heritability, h2, was calculated as the difference between the intrapair variances in same sexed DZ and MZ pairs divided by the intrapair variance in DZ pairs. The mean intrapair variance of both total and cortical width was found to be four to five times higher in DZ than in MZ pairs. The differences are highly significant with an h2 value between 0.7 and 0.8, indicating a predominant genetic influence. It is stressed that this result applies only to the population from which the twin sample was drawn.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Uptake of horseradish peroxidase from CSF into the choroid plexus of the rat, with special reference to transepithelial transport.

Protein uptake from cerebral ventricles into the epithelium of the choroid plexus, and transport across the epithelium were studied ultrastructurally in rats. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP, MW 40,000) was used as protein tracer. Steady-state ventriculo-cisternal perfusion with subatmospheric pressure (-10cm of water) in the ventricular system was applied. HRP dissolved in artificial CSF was perfused from the lateral ventricles to cisterna magna for various times, and ventriculo-cisternal perfusion, vascular perfusion or immersion fixation with a formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde solution was performed. Coated micropinocytic vesicles containing HRP were seen both connected with the apical, lateral and basal epithelial surface and within the cells. Heavily HRP-labeled vesicles were often fused with the lining membrane of slightly labeled or unlabeled intercellular spaces. Since the apical tight junctions of the epithelium never appeared open or never contained HRP in the spaces between the fusion points, and since the intercellular spaces between adjacent epithelial cells below the junctions only infrequently contained tracer after 5 min, by increasing amounts after 15-60 min of HRP perfusion, a vesicular transport of HRP from the apical epithelial surface to the intercellular spaces, bypassing the tight junctions, is suggested. In addition to the transepithelial transport, micropinocytic vesicles also transported HRP to the lysosomal apparatus of the epithelial cells. With increasing length of exposure to HRP, a sequence of HRP-labeled structures could be evaluated, from slightly labeled apical vacuoles and multivesicular bodies to very heavily labeled dense bodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Innervation of the pineal gland in the mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). A fluorescence microscopical study.

The innervation of the pineal gland in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, was investigated light microscopically by the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence technique and by conventional light microscopy. The pineal gland displayed a superficial portion just beneath the confluens sinuum and a deep part (lamina intercalaris) connected by a slender pineal stalk, which contained pinealocytes. The superficial part of the pineal gland consisted of dark-stained pinealocytes arranged in lobules, and separated by interstitial cells and connective tissue spaces. Many larger chromophobe cells were scattered throughout this region. A heavy catecholaminergic innervation of the superficial portion of the pineal organ, probably via the conarian nerve, with green fluorescent nerve fibres showing excitation/emission maxima of 415/475 nm was observed. Green fluorescent nerve fibres were also observed in the pineal stalk, from where some fibres turned rostrally indicating a nervous connection between the brain and the pineal organ. The pinealocytes showed a yellow fluorescence displaying a broad excitation curve with a maximum of 380-430 nm and an emission maximum at 505 nm. This indicates the presence of both serotonin and a catecholamine in the pinealocytes. Yellow fluorescence of the cells in the lamina intercalaris was also observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Immunohistochemical demonstration of S-100 protein and GFA protein in interstitial cells of rat pineal gland.

The presence of the glial marker proteins, the S-100 and the glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein, in the pineal gland was investigated in the rat. Using both the indirect peroxidase-labelled immunoglobulin technique and the unlabelled antibody enzyme (PAP) method, we observed few scattered S-100 and GFA positive cells in the pineal. The number, location and morphology of these cells suggest they are the pineal interstitial cells. This indicates that the interstitial cells are of neuroectodermal origin, possibly macroglial cells themselves.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

'Alpha-pattern coma' and survival after cardiac arrest.

A case of survival despite on EEG in the alpha range during coma after cardiac arrest in connection with acute myocardial infarction is reported. The other 5 published cases are referred to. On the basis of the available literature it is concluded that it is impossible to determine the few patients who will survive despite 'alph-pattern coma'.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Electroencephalographic prediction of anoxic brain damage after resuscitation from cardiac arrest in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

The short-term prognostic value of routine electroencephalography (EEG), carried out on the days after cardiac arrest, was evaluated in a consecutive study of 185 patients with acute myocardial infarction together with an episode of clinical cardiac arrest. The individual EEGs were classified on a 5-grade scale. Of the 89 patients who survived, 18 had signs of anoxic brain damage; 96 patients died, 76 as a result of cerebral anoxia. Only 2 patients survived out of the total of 72 for whom the first EEG was classified as grades III--V. The EEGs of both these patients were recorded within a few hours after the cardiac arrest. None of the patients with an EEG of grade I died of cerebral anoxia, while all degrees of brain damage were otherwise observed in connection with EEGs of both grades I and II. It is concluded that an EEG of grades III--V indicates a fatal outcome, provided it has been recorded more than 24 hours after the cardiac arrest. A grade III--V EEG that is recorded within 24 hours after a cardiac arrest should be repeated some days later. It is not possible, on the basis of a single EEG, to predict the extent of the anoxic brain damage.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

Localization of sodium pump sites in cat salivary glands.

1. Cat submandibular glands were perfused with Locke solution containing [3H]ouabain. In some experiments additional medium was given by retrograde intraductal injection. 2. [3H]ouabain binding sites were localized by light microscopical autoradiography and the findings compared with the electron micrographs. 3. The cells of the striated ducts were heavily labelled with [3H]ouabain, predominantly in the contraluminal parts. 4. At the acinar level moderate amounts of [3H]ouabain were found in relation to the plasma membranes of the demilunar cells. The central acinar cells were found to be virtually devoid of [3H]ouabain. 5. Electron microscopy revealed that the demilunar cells possessed long, tortuous intercellular spaces separated from the secretory canaliculi by junctional complexes. In contrast, the membranes between adjacent central acinar cells were fairly straight. 6. It is concluded that the striated ducts play a dominant role in the ductal reabsorption of sodium, and that the transport is probably mediated by a (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase. The findings on the acinar level are in agreement with the view that the primary saliva is formed predominantly by the demilunar cells. The role of a (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase in this process is unclear.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuropeptide Y in the mammalian pineal gland.

The present review describes the anatomy of the neuropeptide (NPY)ergic innervation of the mammalian pineal gland with emphasis on the rat. The proNPY-molecule is post-translationally processed by a single cleavage to neuropeptide Y (NPY) and a C-terminal peptide of NPY (CPON). NPY is C-terminally amidated, and the amidation is essential for binding of NPY to its corresponding receptor(s). Since no proNPY has been detected in rat pineal extracts, it is considered that proNPY is immediately processed to its final products in the gland. In the rat, numerous NPY- and CPON-immunoreactive (ir) nerve fibers are present in the capsule of the superficial pineal gland and in the pineal parenchyma, mostly related to the connective tissue spaces and the vasculature of the gland, but also present between the pinealocytes. Furthermore, a substantial number of fibers was observed in the deep pineal gland, the pineal stalk, and the underlying epithalamus. Occasionally, NPY- or CPON-immunoreactive fibers were found adjacent to the stria medullaris and in the posterior commissure, which could be followed to the adjacent deep pineal gland. At the ultrastructural level, the NPY-immunoreactivity was confined in boutons containing large granular vesicles (100-200 nm) as well as small (40-60 nm) granular vesicles. Some terminals were located in very close apposition to the pinealocyte cell membrane. Terminals were identified in perivascular spaces, but synaptic contacts between the immunoreactive terminals and pinealocytes were never observed. These data show that NPY is highly concentrated in nerve fibers throughout the rat pineal complex. Double-fluorescence histochemistry using tyrosine hydroxylase as marker for catecholaminergic fibers and NPY revealed that nearly all NPYergic fibers co-stored tyrosine hydroxylase in the superficial pineal gland. A minor portion of both immunoreactivities was not colocalized. In accordance, about 65% of the neurons in the superior cervical ganglion contained both CPON and tyrosine hydroxylase. In bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomized rats, a few NPY-ir nerve fibers remained mostly in the pineal capsule, but few fibers were also found in the superficial pineal parenchyma. Contrarily, only a moderate decrease was observed in the number of immunoreactive fibers in the deep pineal gland, and no reduction was observed in the adjacent epithalamus. In the ganglionectomised rats, co-localisation of tyrosine hydroxylase and NPY in intrapineal nerve fibers was not observed either in the superficial pineal gland, nor in the deep pineal gland. These results together with the available literature show that NPY is a sympathetic transmitter, and its actions in the pineal gland are, therefore, associated with the well-documented roles of noradrenaline. Possible roles of NPY in pineal biochemistry and physiology are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cholinergic innervation and function in the mammalian pineal gland.

Besides the noradrenergic sympathetic system originating from the superior cervical ganglion, a cholinergic innervation of the mammalian pineal gland has been studied over the past three decades. In 1961, it was shown that lesion of the parasympathetic greater superficial petrosal nerve of the monkey resulted in degeneration of nerve fibers in the pineal gland. This was supported by ultrastructural studies of nerve terminals within the pineal gland, demonstrating the presence of cholinergic terminals containing small clear transmitter vesicles. Biochemical studies further showed the presence of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in several mammalian species. During the last decade, several advanced and more elaborate technologies have been developed, allowing pinealogists to establish the presence of cholinergic fibers and their receptors. Thus, choline acetyltransferase was shown in bovine pineal by immunohistochemistry. Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors were identified, characterized, and localized. Gene expression of receptors was visualized, and the receptor-mediated effector systems and functions were elucidated. Taken together, the present data suggest the presence of a cholinergic innervation of the mammalian pineal gland originating in peripheral parasympathetic ganglia. However, some of the neuronal projections to the pineal gland with origin in the brain (the central innervation) might also be cholinergic. The cholinergic nerve fibers enter the gland, where they are located both in the perivascular spaces and between the pinealocytes. Some of the terminals make synapses on pinealocytes or intrapineal neurons. The released acetylcholine from the terminals interacts with the receptors, then alters the cascade of receptor-mediated events, which results in decreased N-acetyltransferase enzyme activity, thus leading to decreased melatonin synthesis. This counterbalance mechanism between the sympathetic noradrenergic and the cholinergic systems maintains the homeostasis of pineal functions.

Acetylcholinesterase↗