Biomedical subjects

M Møller

Publications and source records attributed to M Møller.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1992

Histamine-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat pineal gland: evidence for a histaminergic central innervation.

An immunohistochemical method that utilizes carbodiimide as a fixative and antisera directed against histamine was applied to investigate the location of histamine in the rat pineal complex. Numerous histamine-immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in different subdivisions of the tuberomammillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus, and a few cell bodies were present in the posterior and dorsal part of the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Histamine-immunoreactive fibers were observed to leave the posterior hypothalamus in various directions of which one dorsally projecting tract was followed in the periventricular area of the caudal diencephalon to the epithalamus. Several histamine-immunoreactive nerve fibers of this tract continued through the posterior commissure directly into the deep pineal gland. A few immunoreactive fibers were also observed in the habenular commissure. In midsagittal sections, histamine-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed to enter the pineal stalk from the deep pineal gland. Most of histamine-immunoreactive fibers in the stalk continued towards the superficial pineal gland, but their number decreased in more distal locations of the stalk, indicating that some fibers terminate in the stalk as well. A few fibers were found to terminate in the most rostral part of the superficial pineal gland. The immunoreactive nerve fibers in the epithalamus and pineal complex were endowed with prominent varicosities. Taken together, these results indicate that histaminergic nerve fibers, originating from the posterior hypothalamus, project to the pineal complex of the rat. Histamine must therefore be considered a putative neurotransmitter contained in the central innervation of the pineal gland, but its function in pineal physiology has so far not been elucidated.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Monoaminergic systems in the brainstem and spinal cord of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans as revealed by antibodies against serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase.

With the aim of gaining more insight into the monoaminergic regulation of spinal motor systems in the turtle, we have studied the distribution of 5-HT (5-HTir) and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (THir) in the brainstem and spinal cord of Pseudemys scripta elegans. 5-HTir cell bodies were located in the midline in nucleus raphe inferior, nucleus raphe superior, and laterally in nuclei reticularis superior and inferior and nucleus reticularis isthmi. THir cell bodies were located in the commissural nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarii, the locus coeruleus-subcoeruleus complex, nuclei reticularis superior and inferior, the pretectal area, and substantia nigra. 5-HTir and THir tracts were found in lateral and ventral bundles superficially in the brainstem. 5-HTir fibers in the spinal cord were located in a large dorsolateral and a smaller ventrolateral tract. In the gray matter, a high concentration of 5-HTir fibers were observed in areas I-IV and in the lateral motor column of cervical and lumbar enlargements. Areas V-VIII and area X were less intensively innervated, with the lowest fibre concentration in areas VII-VIII and area X. Throughout the spinal cord, THir nerve fibres were located in the same areas but with a lower density. Small bipolar 5-HTir and THir cell bodies were found ventromedially to the central canal especially in cervical and lumbosacral segments. Large THir cells were found in area IX in the caudal sacral and coccygeal spinal cord. THir cerebrospinal fluid-contacting cells were also found in the most caudal part of the brainstem and the upper cervical spinal cord. The well developed spinal 5-HT system and the less developed THir system provides an anatomical explanation for the monoaminergic modulation of turtle motoneuron membrane properties, which has been observed in electrophysiological experiments.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Changing circadian variation of transient myocardial ischemia during the first year after a first acute myocardial infarction.

In a consecutive series of 123 men (aged 55 +/- 8 years) with a recent first acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 24-hour ambulatory ST-segment monitoring was performed early after discharge (day 11 +/- 5), 6 months (day 185 +/- 6) and 1 year (day 368 +/- 8) after AMI. No difference in the prevalence of transient myocardial ischemia was found between the 3 recordings (17, 17 and 20%), and most ischemic episodes were silent (98, 100 and 97%). In the early postinfarction period, a peak of ischemic activity was demonstrated between 6 P.M. and midnight (40 of 93 episodes [43%]). Over time, the maximal occurrence of ischemia gradually advanced toward the morning hours with a peak activity between 6 A.M. and noon at 1-year follow-up (32 of 73 episodes [44%]). Significantly more patients (16 of 21 [76%]) had ischemia from 6 P.M. to midnight at discharge compared with the findings 1 year later (9 of 23 patients [39%]) (p < 0.03). An opposite trend was found regarding patients who exhibited ischemic episodes in the hours from 6 A.M. to noon: 10 of 21 patients (48%) early after discharge versus 17 of 23 patients (74%) at 1-year follow-up (p = not significant). Results from the 6-month recording displayed characteristics between the findings from discharge and 1-year ambulatory monitoring. The pathophysiologic processes underlying the observations from this study are unknown. The change in circadian periodicity could not be explained from differences in heart rate variation patterns or medical antianginal treatment among the 3 recordings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed1992

Fine structure of the pinealopetal innervation of the mammalian pineal gland.

The mammalian pineal gland is innervated by peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers as well as by nerve fibers originating in the central nervous system (central innervation). The perikarya of the sympathetic fibers are located in the superior cervical ganglia, while the fibers terminate in boutons containing small granular vesicles and a few large granular vesicles. Both noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y are contained in these neurons. The parasympathetic fibers originate from perikarya in the pterygopalatine ganglia. The neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine, are present in these fibers, the boutons of which contain small clear transmitter vesicles and larger granular vesicles. The fibers of the central innervation originate predominantly from perikarya located in hypothalamic and limbic forebrain structures as well as from perikarya in the optic system. These fibers terminate in boutons containing small clear and, in certain fibers, an abundant number of large granular vesicles. In rodents, the majority of the central fibers terminate in the deep pineal gland and the pineal stalk. From these areas impulses might be transmitted further caudally to the superficial pineal gland via neuronal structures or processes from pinealocytes. Several hypothalamic neuropeptides and monoamines might be contained in the central fibers. The intrapineal nerve fibers are located both in the perivascular spaces and intraparenchymally. The majority of the intraparenchymally located fibers terminate freely between the pinealocytes. However, some nerve terminals make synaptic contacts with the pinealocytes and in some species with intrapineal neurons. In fetal mammals, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and central fibers are also present. In addition, an unpaired nerve, connecting the caudal part of the pineal gland with the extreme rostral part of the mesencephalon, is present. This nerve is a homologue to the pineal nerve (nervus pinealis) observed in lower vertebrates.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

[Cardiac arrhythmias. Diagnosis and treatment].

This review is a task force report prepared by a working group appointed by the Danish Society of International Medicine. The report gives guidelines for the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias and for the referral of patients to centers with electrophysiological experience.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗

PubMed1992

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and C-flanking peptide of NPY in the pineal gland of normal and ganglionectomized sheep.

The present immunohistochemical study describes the presence and distribution of nerve fibers containing neuropeptide Y (NPY), and C-Flanking Peptide Of NPY (CPON) in the pineal gland of the sheep. Nerve fibers were detected by using a series of antisera directed against NPY or against CPON. Many positive immunoreactive nerve fibers were identified in the pial capsule of the pineal, in connective septae and in the parenchyma between pinealocytes. The intraparenchymal fibers were particularly evident and created an extensive network throughout the gland. Nerve fibers immunoreactive for all the peptides were also observed in the posterior commissure and in the stria medullaris thalami. No NPY- or CPON-positive neurons were found in the pineal gland. In order to study the site of origin of NPY- and CPON-immunoreactive nerve fibers, the superior cervical ganglia were bilaterally removed in a series of animals. Sympathetic denervation was checked by using an antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Nearly all TH-immunoreactive elements disappeared in the pineal glands of animals sacrificed 15 days after surgery. Also the density of NPY- and CPON-immunoreactive nerve fibers decreased in the animals after the ganglionectomy. However, a number of nerve fibers still remained in the gland. These data indicate that some NPY- and CPON-immunoreactive nerve fibers of the sheep pineal gland derive from an extrasympathetic origin. The very dense innervation of the sheep pineal gland with nerve fibers containing NPY and CPON strongly indicates a functional role for this family of peptides in the pineal gland of this species.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Thrombolysis significantly reduces transient myocardial ischaemia following first acute myocardial infarction.

In order to investigate whether thrombolysis affects residual myocardial ischaemia, we prospectively performed a predischarge maximal exercise test and early out-of-hospital ambulatory ST segment monitoring in 123 consecutive men surviving a first acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Seventy-four patients fulfilled our criteria for thrombolysis, but only the last 35 patients included received thrombolytic therapy. As thrombolysis was not available in our Department at the start of the study, the first 39 patients included were conservatively treated (controls). No significant differences in baseline clinical characteristics were found between the two groups. In-hospital atrial fibrillation and digoxin therapy was more prevalent in controls (P less than 0.05). During exercise, thrombolysed patients reached a higher maximal work capacity compared with controls: 160 +/- 41 vs 139 +/- 34 W (P less than 0.02). Thrombolysis resulted in a non-significant reduction in exercise-induced ST segment depression: prevalence 43% vs 62% in controls. However, during ambulatory monitoring the duration of transient myocardial ischaemia was significantly reduced in thrombolysed patients: 322 min vs 1144 min in controls (P less than 0.05). Thrombolysed patients reached a higher heart rate during transient ischaemic episodes: 114 +/- 17 vs 93 +/- 11 b.min-1 in controls (P less than 0.001). In conclusion, thrombolytic therapy administered for a first AMI significantly reduces the burden of transient myocardial ischaemia. This may explain the improvement in myocardial function during physical activities, which was also observed in this study.

Coronary Circulation↗

PubMed1992

Somatostatin and prosomatostatin immunoreactive nerve fibers in the bovine pineal gland.

An immunohistochemical study of the bovine pineal gland was performed by using polyclonal rabbit antisera raised against synthetic peptide fragments corresponding to the amino acid sequences of somatostatin-14, somatostatin-28, somatostatin-28 (1-12), and prosomatostatin (20-36). Immunoreactive nerve fibers were demonstrated in the pineal gland with all four antisera. The nerve fibers were located throughout the gland, both perivascularly and intraparenchymally, with the highest density of fibers in the proximal part, close to the pineal stalk. A number of immunoreactive nerve fibers were also found in the habenular area and stria medullaris projections. Some of the fibers in the stria medullaris projections could be followed into the pineal gland via the rostral part of the pineal stalk. A few immunoreactive nerve fibers were present in posterior commissure, in the subcommissural organ and pretectal area. Thus, the present study shows that the bovine pineal gland is innervated by nerve fibers containing all four sequences of prosomatostatin. The anatomical location of the somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the bovine pineal gland indicates that the perikarya of some of these nerve fibers are located in the brain.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Distribution and characterization of different molecular products of pro-somatostatin in the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary lobe of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).

Antisera raised against various synthetic peptide fragments of the pro-somatostatin molecule were used to visualize immunohistochemically the distributions of different pro-somatostatin fragments in the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary of the Mongolian gerbil. To define the nature of the immunoreactive somatostatin-related molecular forms, gel chromatography combined with radioimmunoassays of hypothalamic and posterior pituitary extracts was performed. Within the hypothalamus, only trace amounts of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-28(1-12) were present, whereas pro-somatostatin(1-76), pro-somatostatin(1-64), and somatostatin-14 peptides were present in equimolar amounts. In contrast, the posterior pituitary lobe contained equal amounts of somatostatin-14, somatostatin-28, and somatostatin-28(1-12) but no pro-somatostatin(1-76), indicating that pro-somatostatin is further processed during the axonal flow to posterior pituitary nerve terminals. The gel chromatographic data were further substantiated by immunohistochemical data. Thus, perikarya containing all of these five immunoreactivities were strictly confined to the periventricular area and parvocellular subset of the paraventricular nucleus. However, the number of somatostatin-28- and somatostatin-28(1-12)-immunoreactive perikarya was approximately 20% of the number of somatostatin-14- and pro-somatostatin(1-64)-immunoreactive cells. In other hypothalamic areas only somatostatin-14 and pro-somatostatin(1-64) immunoreactivities were detectable in cell bodies. These cell bodies were encountered in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis; the suprachiasmatic, ventromedial, arcuate, perifornical, and posterior hypothalamic nuclei; and the median preoptic and retrochiasmatic areas. In situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that the cellular distribution of pro-somatostatin mRNA corresponds to that of somatostatin-14 and pro-somatostatin immunoreactivity, suggesting that the immunoreactive material observed within the cell bodies is synthetized there and that the differences in density of immunoreactivities may be explained by intracellular processing of pro-somatostatin. Somatostatinergic nerve fibers and terminals in hypothalamic areas and the posterior pituitary lobe were immunoreactive to all of the employed antisera. From the present results, obvious differences between intrahypothalamic and hypothalamo-pituitary somatostatinergic neurons emerge. Within hypothalamic neurons not projecting to the median eminence and the posterior pituitary lobe, pro-somatostatin is posttranslationally processed in the cell body predominantly into pro-somatostatin(1-64) and somatostatin-14. Otherwise, within periventricular neurons projecting to the median eminence and the posterior pituitary lobe, pro-somatostatin is posttranslationally processed during the axonal flow into pro-somatostatin(1-64), somatostatin-14, somatostatin-28, and somatostatin-28(1-12).

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Circadian variation of transient myocardial ischemia in the early out-of-hospital period after first acute myocardial infarction.

Circadian rhythms have been demonstrated in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and in other clinical cardiac dysfunctions. The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether a circadian pattern of transient myocardial ischemia exists after first AMI. Prospectively, 24-hour ambulatory ST-segment monitoring was initiated at discharge on day 11 +/- 5 in 123 consecutive survivors of first AMI. A total of 93 ischemic episodes (91 asymptomatic) occurred in 21 of the 123 patients (17%) (mean duration of 30 minutes, range 4 to 292). A significant circadian rhythm of transient myocardial ischemia was found with a peak activity occurring in the evening hours (p less than 0.01). Thus, 43% of ischemic episodes and 42% of ischemic time occurred between 6 P.M. and 12 midnight. The characteristics of morning and evening episodes were similar, except for the heart rate at maximal ST-segment depression, which was significantly higher during morning episodes (p less than 0.02). Patients with transient myocardial ischemia had a diurnal distribution similar to the circadian variation displayed during ischemic activity. Thus, 16 of the 21 patients had ischemic episodes from 6 P.M. to 12 midnight versus 10 patients from 6 A.M. to 12 noon (p less than 0.01). The 24-hour mean minimal heart rate was significantly higher in patients with than without ischemic episodes (p less than 0.02). In conclusion, this study has established a significant circadian peak of transient myocardial ischemia in the evening hours in survivors of first AMI. Whether the pattern displayed is due to endogenous biologic functions or cyclic variations, or both, in the external environment needs to be clarified.

Circadian Rhythm↗

PubMed1991

Efferent projections from the periventricular and medial parvicellular subnuclei of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus to circumventricular organs of the rat: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) tracing study.

The heterogeneous hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is intimately involved in the regulation of several homeostatic functions. These regulations might, at least partly, be mediated via neuronal projections from the PVN to circumventricular organs outside the blood-brain barrier. To study the efferent projections of the medial and periventricular parvicellular subnuclei of the PVN with particular emphasis on the projections to the circumventricular organs, anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) was applied. Three major efferent pathways and one minor one coursed from the medial and periventricular parvicellular subnuclei to the circumventricular organs. The major fiber projections included a rostral, a lateral, and a dorsocaudal projection tract, whereas the minor projection coursed ventrally. Fibers of the rostral projection were followed to the preoptic area and along the fornix to the subfornical organ. Single fibers originating from this projection coursed further rostrally to the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis. The lateral projection equivalent to the hypothalamo-pituitary tract passed through the lateral hypothalamic area to the median eminence, and nerve terminals were observed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of this structure. A few fibers of this bundle continued into the infundibular stalk and some terminated in the posterior pituitary lobe. Few fibers of the lateral projection descended to caudal pontine levels, where they reached descending fibers of the dorsocaudal projection. The dorsocaudal projection was essentially restricted to midline structures. Along the midline, fibers were followed from the hypothalamus either dorsally through the thalamus to the dorsal part of the third ventricle or caudally alongside the ventricular wall to the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey. The density of fibers decreased along the caudal direction of the neuraxis. The dorsal part of this projection gave rise to terminals in the deep pineal gland and pineal stalk, whereas the caudal part of this projection sent terminating fibers into the area postrema. The minor ventrally directed projection could be followed through the periventricular region to the rostral part of the median eminence. The number of terminals in the circumventricular organs varied. Within the median eminence, a high density of afferents was observed in the entire rostrocaudal extent of the external zone, whereas a low density of fibers was seen in the internal zone. A medium density of afferents was observed in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, whereas a relative low density of nerve terminals was observed in the posterior pituitary, the deep pineal gland, the subfornical organ, and the area postrema.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1991

A cholinergic innervation of the bovine pineal gland visualized by immunohistochemical detection of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive nerve fibers.

An immunohistochemical investigation of the bovine pineal gland was performed using both a rabbit polyclonal antibody and a rat monoclonal antibody against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). A network of ChAT-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers was located throughout the pineal gland, both in the perivascular spaces and between the pinealocytes. Most of the intrapineal ChAT-IR nerve fibers were endowed with varicosities. In addition, some ChAT-IR intrapineal neurons were found, often located at the base of the gland near the pineal recess. Within the habenular nucleus and pineal stalk, ChAT-IR perikarya and nerve fibers were also present. Some of these fibers projected towards the pineal gland. A number of ChAT-IR nerves were also located in the posterior commissure and could be followed into the gland. At the caudal tip of the pineal gland, a bundle of ChAT-IR nerve fibers was observed to penetrate into the gland together with blood vessels. The presence of a cholinergic innervation of the bovine pineal gland, together with previous demonstration of the presence of choline acetyltransferase and muscarinic receptor binding sites in the bovine pineal gland, indicates a functional influence of a cholinergic nervous system on the pinealocyte.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Efferent projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the pineal complex of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).

The intergeniculate leaflet of the lateral geniculate nucleus is considered to modulate circadian activity rhythms probably mediated by a direct neuronal connection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The present study in the gerbil demonstrates, by anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoaglutinin (PHA-L), the existence of an additional neuronal projection from a subportion of the lateral geniculate nucleus, involving the intergeniculate leaflet, directly to the pineal gland. PHA-L-immunoreactive nerve fibers originating from perikarya at the injection site were located under the optic tract projecting towards the midsagittal plane. Delicate PHA-L-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in the posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus, precommissural nucleus, olivary pretectal nucleus, anterior and posterior pretectal nuclei, and posterior commissure. Single fibers could be followed from the caudal part of the medial habenular nucleus and the pretectal area into the rostral part of the deep pineal gland. Other fibers continued through the posterior commissure into the contralateral hemisphere to terminate in the same structures as on the ipsilateral side. From the posterior commissure, small bundles of thick fibers entered the deep pineal gland where they arborized among the endocrine cells. A few nerve fibers were observed in the habenular commissure and the pineal stalk, but no fibers were identified in the superficial pineal. This direct geniculo-pineal connection suggests that the pineal gland is directly influenced by the optic system.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Tyrosine hydroxylase- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the pineal complex of untreated rats and rats following removal of the superior cervical ganglia.

The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive(IR) nerve fibers in the pineal complex was investigated in untreated rats and rats following bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglia. In normal animals, a large number of TH- and NPY-IR nerve fibers were present in the pineal capsule, the perivascular spaces, and intraparenchymally between the pinealocytes throughout the superficial pineal and deep pineal gland. A small number of TH-IR and NPY-IR nerve fibers were found in the posterior and habenular commissures, a few fibers penetrating from the commissures into the deep pineal gland. To elucidate the origin of these fibers, the superior cervical ganglion was removed bilaterally in 10 animals, and the pineal complex was examined immunohistochemically. Two weeks after the ganglionectomy, the TH-IR and NPY-IR nerve fibers in the superficial pineal gland had almost completely disappeared. On the other hand, in the deep pineal and the pineal stalk, the TH-IR and NPY-IR fibers were still present after ganglionectomy. These data show that the deep pineal gland and the pineal stalk possess an extrasympathetic innervation by TH-IR and NPY-IR fibers. It is suggested that the extrasympathetic TH-IR and NPY-IR nerve fibers innervating the deep pineal and the pineal stalk originate from the brain.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

The effect of sterile water blocks on low back labor pain.

To evaluate the analgesic effect of intradermal sterile water blocks, 272 women in labor complaining of severe low back pain were randomly assigned to treatment with either sterile water or saline solution blocks. Pain intensity was assessed on a visual analog scale, before the blocks were given and again 1 and 2 hours later. The groups were equal with regard to age, parity, fetal size, progression of labor, and initial pain scoring. Pain scoring 1 and 2 hours after the blocks were given showed a significantly higher degree of analgesia in the sterile water group. No adverse effects were noted, and patient acceptability was high.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Prepro-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-derived peptide sequences in cerebral blood vessels of rats: on the functional anatomy of metabolic autoregulation.

This study describes the distribution of peptide sequences derived from the prepro-vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (preproVIP) molecule in perivascular nerves of rat brain arteries and arterioles. The peptides were identified by immunohistochemistry using highly specific antibodies. Five peptide sequences (preproVIP 60-76, peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), preproVIP 111-122, VIP, and preproVIP 156-170) were identified in the perivascular nerves throughout the arterial cerebral circulation. The density of the immunoreactive fibers was highest in the nerves of the larger extracerebral arteries, declining in smaller branching arteries. All peptide sequences were identified in the nerves of small pial arterioles overlying the cortical convexity, whereas capillaries and veins contained no immunoreactive material. Dendritic processes of neocortical neurons immunoreactive for VIP and PHI could be followed towards the brain surface where the processes penetrated into the pial layer, often close to the pial vasculature. Some of the processes were also observed to enter the Virchow-Robin space, close to the arterioles. It is possible that cortical nerve cells containing VIP and PHI release the peptides in the perivascular space during periods of activity and thereby contribute to local vasodilatation associated with changes of neuronal function.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Long-term effect of pelvic floor exercises on female urinary incontinence.

In order to assess the permanent effect of pelvic floor exercises on female stress incontinence, 76 incontinent women, referred for incontinence surgery, underwent a 3-month exercise programme conducted by an experienced physiotherapist. The patients were followed up for 1 year. At the last assessment 30% were cured and 17% improved. Altogether 47% avoided surgery. No relapses were seen during the follow-up period. Patients with mild incontinence benefited from intensified training, since 72% could expect to be cured, while patients with severe incontinence and no immediate effect did not benefit from further exercises. Patients with a positive hormone status and those with normal weight had a significantly higher cure rate. The subjective results were confirmed by the 24-h pad test. Anal pressure profilometry was a valid method for instruction and objective control of pelvic floor function. It was concluded that pelvic floor exercises should precede surgery, since exercises had a permanent effect in half of the patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Presence of nerve fiber collaterals from the sympathetic arteriolar plexus the concomitant venules in dog skeletal muscle.

Previous studies with the local 133Xenon washout method of the local regulation of blood flow in peripheral tissues in man gave evidence for a local veno-arteriolar sympathetic axon reflex which constricts arterioles when the venous transmural pressure is increased 25 mm Hg or more. The present study with the formaldehyde induced histofluorescence technique applied to skeletal muscle biopsies from dogs showed a dense plexus of noradrenergic sympathetic fibers around arterioles. Venules were generally devoid of these fibers. In certain instances sympathetic fibers left the arteriolar network to innervate the concomitant venule directly. Some of these fibers could be seen returning from the venule back to the arteriolar network. We suggest that the adrenergic fibers derived from the sympathetic plexus around the arterioles who innervate the venules can be the anatomical substrate for the local veno-arteriolar sympathetic axon reflex.

Adrenergic Fibers↗