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Biomedical subjects

M M Warren

Publications and source records attributed to M M Warren.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Serum and urinary immunoglobulin in the rat model of acute urinary tract infection.

Total levels of urine and serum immunoglobulin IgM, IgG and IgA, and the E. coli-specific bacterial immunoglobulin response were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a rat model of acute urinary tract infection. High levels of urinary IgM were detected as early as day 3 post infection and then decreased to statistically insignificant levels. Peak levels of IgG occurred in the serum and urine on day 14. Urine and serum IgA levels remained low throughout the study period. The results demonstrate that in the rat model of acute urinary tract infection, IgM appears first in the urine and serum, and rapidly decreases. IgG then appears in the serum and urine followed by a late E. coli-specific immunoglobulin serum and urine response. Also, a non-specific component of the immunoglobulin response was noted in both the serum and urine. In the rat, IgA appears to play little or no role in the urine or in the serum response to the infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

Urothelial hyperplasia and neoplasia. III. Detection of nitrosamine production with different bacterial genera in chronic urinary tract infections of rats.

Various agents have been implicated in inducing urothelial cancer. Although drugs, occupational and environmental carcinogens are more widely accepted as playing a major role as urothelial carcinogens, several investigations suggest that bacteria may play a role. The mechanism of how bacteria may interact with the host to augment the development of urothelial carcinoma is not well understood. Clinically, investigators have linked the development of infection, urinary stones and indwelling catheters with urothelial cancer. Other investigators have suggested that the mechanism may be related to the production of carcinogenic compounds (nitrosamines) which can be detected during urinary tract infection. In our laboratory, we showed that rats with chronic urinary tract infections produced increasing urinary levels of N,N dimethylnitrosamine over a 24 week period and that the production correlated with hyperplasia and early neoplasia of the bladder epithelium. Three bacterial genera were used and two of these (Escherichia coli and a protein sp.) showed production of increasing levels of urinary nitrosamine and correlated with infection. The purpose of this current study is to determine if other bacterial genera and strains can also produce similar increasing nitrosamine levels in the rat model of chronic urinary tract infection and thus provide evidence that a number of bacterial genera and strains can produce nitrosamines in vivo. Also, the histology of the chronically infected bladder was examined for hyperplasia and neoplasia.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Bacterial and fungal killing by iontophoresis with long-lived electrodes.

Iontophoresis with gold, carbon, and platinum electrodes was shown to effectively reduce or eliminate gram-positive, gram-negative, and Candida albicans inocula in synthetic urine. Platinum and gold electrodes were more effective than carbon electrodes, but platinum showed the best longevity and may reduce or eliminate microbial colonization of catheters.

Bacterial Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1989

Effects of microamperage, medium, and bacterial concentration on iontophoretic killing of bacteria in fluid.

Prevention of nosocomial urinary tract infections by iontophoresis is addressed. An iontophoretic generator was used to provide microamperage (10 to 400 microA) to vials containing either synthetic urine or supplemented synthetic urine. Bacteria were added to vials, and parameters of growth, bacterial killing, and multiple electrode materials were examined. Escherichia coli and Proteus species were both inhibited and killed at various microamperages and with several electrode types, the most efficient being gold-gold as the anode-cathode combination. Klebsiella pneumoniae in supplemented synthetic urine was least inhibited in growth, and higher microamperage (200 to 400 microA) was most effective in killing the bacteria. Bacterial growth reduction and killing were directly related to increasing microamperage and were inversely related to bacterial concentration.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1988

Acute and chronic bacterial infection in the rat urinary tract: immunofluorescent localization of immunoglobulins.

To study the relative concentrations and appearance of immunoglobulin in the bladder and kidneys of rats with acute and chronic urinary tract infections, three groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Group I underwent weekly intraurethral inoculation with Escherichia coli 07. Group II received inoculation of 0.2 ml of PBS alone. Group III were unmanipulated controls. Bladder and kidney washings were obtained for bacterial colony counts and organism identification. Bladder and kidney tissue was prepared for immunofluorescent examination using goat or rabbit antirat IgA, IgM, or IgG layered with fluorescent-labeled rabbit antigoat or goat antirabbit serum. Negative immunofluorescent controls substituted PBS for antirat serum. No significant difference was noted between bladder and kidney cultures in groups I and II. Comparison of immunofluorescent intensity between groups I and III demonstrated that IgM intensity was greatest between weeks one and three in bladders and kidneys, then decreased to non-significant levels. Bladder IgG intensity peaked at week four and remained elevated throughout the remainder of the study while renal IgG intensity was significant throughout the study period. Renal and bladder IgA was noted only sporadically. Comparison of culture positive animals to culture negative animals (groups II and III) demonstrated a lower immunofluorescent intensity score for culture negative animals. Discrete cellular immunofluorescence was evident in 19.1% of bladders and compared to 0.6% of kidneys. This study suggests that the immunologic response in the rat to intraurethral inoculation and infection is biphasic (IgM followed by IgG) and that a local cellular immunologic response may exist in the bladder.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1988

Cosmetic surgery and criminal rehabilitation.

The contribution of physical appearance to criminal behavior has long been a matter of general interest. We investigated the influence of cosmetic surgery on recidivism rates in the Texas state prison system. The baseline prison population recidivism rates have been 14%, 32%, and 36% at one, two, and three years, respectively. The study group consisted of 253 inmates who had cosmetic procedures between 1982 and 1984 and who were released from prison between the time of operation and the end of 1986. The recidivism rates, calculated by life table analysis, were 8% at one year, 17% at two years, and 25% at three years. All were significantly less than baseline (P less than .01, P less than .001, P less than .01). The rates for those who had been incarcerated for violent crimes were 3.3%, 7.7%, and 15.0% (all P less than .001). We conclude that a positive relationship exists between cosmetic surgery and criminal rehabilitation, as measured by a decrease in recidivism.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1988

Hemoglobinuria detection in 195 urology patients.

There is a definite need for the development of a specific and sensitive diagnostic test for the detection of hematuria in patients with bladder and kidney cancer. It is well established that hemoglobin in the urine may be indicative of bladder and/or kidney cancer as well as other types of lesions of the urinary tract. We have developed a specific and sensitive immunological assay for the detection of human hemoglobin in urine. This test has several important advantages over the currently used chemical tests. A mouse monoclonal antibody specific for human hemoglobin was produced and used in the development of a double-antibody biotinylated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that specifically detected hemoglobin in the urine of 195 urology patients. The results from this assay were compared with data from an evaluation of the same specimen using a polyclonal antibody biotinylated ELISA (PE) as well as a dipstick test in a blind screening study. The monoclonal antibody biotinylated ELISA (ME) possessed a much higher level of sensitivity and specificity over the dipstick test. In addition, we determined that monoclonal as well as polyclonal antibody can detect not only normal hemoglobin but also abnormal hemoglobins in urine. Of the total 195 urology patients in all diagnostic categories, the ME test was positive for detection of hemoglobin in 28 more patients (35% more) than were detected by the dipstick test. Importantly, four of these 28 patients detected by the ME but undetected by the dipstick were patients with bladder or kidney cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Total and specific immunoglobulin response to acute and chronic urinary tract infections in a rat model.

Total and specific levels of immunoglobulins IgG, A and M were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a rat model of urinary tract infections (cystitis) during the early and late phases of infection. The early response was characterized by rapid rise in IgM in serum and urine. This response decreased rapidly and was undetectable in urine after eight weeks. Correlation between total serum and urine levels of IgM was not found although a chronological relationship was observed. Total and specific serum and urine IgA responses were erratic. Concentrations of IgA were low and this antibody class was undetectable in urine until the infection had been established for six weeks. In contrast, total serum and urine IgG increased in concentration at five days post infection and reached total maximum by weeks four to eight, then declined, but remained detectable over 24 weeks. Specific IgG titers remained elevated in serum but declined in urine between four and 10 weeks. A correlation between total serum and total urine IgG was found. Also, bacteria generated a concomitant nonspecific response, a part of which was detected against a common antigen expressed on E. coli J5 strain that cross-reacts with a number of gram negative genera. The results show that IgM chronologically is the first antibody to appear in increased amounts in the serum and urine, followed by IgG. The data also suggests a relationship exists between total serum IgG and total urine IgG which may affect the host's ability to eliminate urinary infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The effect of unilateral testicular torsion on the contralateral testicle in prepubertal Chinese hamsters.

Recent studies of experimental testicular torsion in rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs have demonstrated conflicting evidence regarding contralateral testicular damage. Those studies in which cellular damage has been found are postulated to result from an immunological mechanism whereby the blood-testis barrier is disrupted with subsequent autoantibody formation. In this study, the histologic and immunologic effects of testicular torsion on the contralateral testicle were investigated in prepubertal Chinese hamsters. Four study groups were established; (1) Left orchiectomy only, (2) sham surgery (scrotal incision), (3) 720 degrees left testicular torsion with left orchiectomy 24 hours later, (4) 720 degrees torsion of left testicle with detorsion after 24 hours. The initial procedure was performed at 1 month of age with subsequent biopsies of the contralateral testicle at 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months after the initial procedure. Testicular tissue was examined for immunofluorescent activity using fluorescent labeled goat anti-hamster IgG. Positive controls were established by rabbit immunization (rabbit anti-hamster immunoglobulin) which was subsequently combined with fluorescent labeled goat antirabbit IgG. There was no appreciable difference in immunologic activity between control and experimental animals. Representative sections were examined histologically and no tubular damage was demonstrated and active spermatogenesis was noted at 6 months in all groups. We believe that our results support the premise that testicular torsion in the prepubertal period has no effect on the contralateral testicle.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

A double-blind comparison of dezocine and morphine in patients with acute renal and ureteral colic.

The safety and analgesic efficacy of dezocine and morphine in the treatment of acute renal or ureteral colic due to calculi were evaluated in 2 multicenter, double-blind studies, comparing 10 mg. dezocine and 10 mg. morphine in 88 patients, and 15 mg. dezocine and 10 mg. morphine in 61 patients. All patients received an intramuscular injection of the test drug, and pain intensity and pain relief were evaluated through 4 hours after drug administration. Vital signs, degree of sedation and adverse effects also were recorded. Mean efficacy scores were virtually identical for 10 mg. dezocine and 10 mg. morphine but 15 mg. dezocine produced consistently better analgesia than 10 mg. morphine. This superiority of 15 mg. dezocine was statistically significant on the pain analogue scale at 1 to 4 hours. More morphine-treated than dezocine-treated patients withdrew from each study because of inadequate pain relief. The frequency of adverse effects was not significantly different between groups in either study and none of the patients had clinically significant changes in vital signs. These results indicate that dezocine is a safe and effective analgesic for the treatment of renal and ureteral colic due to calculi, and 15 mg. dezocine were more effective than 10 mg. morphine in this pain model.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Urothelial hyperplasia and neoplasia. II. Detection of nitrosamines and interferon in chronic urinary tract infections in rats.

In rats with chronic urinary tract infections, urine and blood were examined for two classes of compounds (nitrosamines and interferon) which may lead to the development of urothelial hyperplasia and neoplasia. In vitro, Escherichia coli, a Proteus species or a mixture of both were able to induce high levels of interferon which theoretically could reduce the host's cellular immune surveillance. These high levels were not detected in vivo in either short-term (5 hr. to 2 wk.) or long-term (2 wk. to 24 wk.) infected rats. In contrast, N, N dimethylnitrosamine was detected in the majority (greater than or equal to 50 per cent) of long term infected rats after 12 wk. although individual rats showed detectable levels as early as 2 wk. post infection. Sterile human or rat urine supported bacterial growth and subsequent production of N, N dimethylnitrosamine, but only after 16 wk. of subculturing in vitro. Gas chromatography was able to detect small amounts of nitrosamines extracted from urine. The mass spectrometer yielded quantitatively and qualitatively better detection. With long term infections, the appearance of a potential carcinogen, N, N dimethylnitrosamine, occurs in vivo and in vitro and correlates with previous findings that describe the development of hyperplastic and early neoplastic changes in the rat urothelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Urothelial hyperplasia and neoplasia: a response to chronic urinary tract infections in rats.

The rat was used as an animal model to examine the effect of foreign bodies and long term infection (24 weeks) on bladder epithelium. Stainless steel wire implants and multiple injections of Escherichia coli were compared to control rat bladders by gross observation, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Hyperplastic alterations, (papilloma, von Brunn's nests), dysplasia (squamous metaplasia, microvilli) and early lesions consistent with neoplasia occurred in rats with bladder implants and multiple bacterial injections but not in controls. Epithelial changes were not associated with sterile bladder implants. Bladder papillomata could be observed as early as 2 weeks in rats having both an implant and an infection, but the majority of hyperplastic and early neoplastic-like changes occurred after 6 weeks. Long-term infections, both with and without a bladder implant, can lead to lesions consistent with neoplasia in bladder epithelium.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Modulation of Candida albicans attachment to human epithelial cells by bacteria and carbohydrates.

The effects of carbohydrates (mannose and dextrose). Escherichia coli 07KL. and Klebsiella pneumoniae on Candida albicans attachment to epithelial cells was studied. Dextrose had no effect on yeast attachment to epithelial cells. Conversely, mannose significantly decreased both yeast and piliated bacterial attachment (E. coli 07KL, heavily piliated K. pneumoniae) whereas having no effect on nonpiliated K. pneumoniae attachment to epithelial cells. The number of yeasts attaching to epithelial cells was enhanced by preincubation of epithelial cells with piliated strains of bacteria, whereas preincubation with nonpiliated strains of bacteria had no effect on yeast attachment. Scanning electron microscopy showed that piliated bacteria and yeasts were juxtaposed on the epithelial cell surface. These data suggest that certain piliated strains of bacteria can enhance C. albicans attachment to epithelial cells and that type 1 pili of bacteria can be a factor in the enhanced attachment of C. albicans to epithelial cells.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1982

Bladder reconstruction in rabbits with glutaraldehyde-stabilized amniotic membranes.

Glutaraldehyde-treated human amniotic membranes were used to repair rabbit bladders after supratrigonal cystectomies. The membranes maintained the integrity of the bladders until healing and reepithelialization occurred. There was no significant loss of bladder capacity or decreased renal function postoperatively. Calcification did not occur on the membranes but was noted on chromic sutures retaining the membranes in 7 of 27 bladders. These findings suggest that glutaraldehyde-stabilized amnion is well tolerated by the urothelium and may serve as a suitable material for replacement of genitourinary tissues.

Amnion↗
PubMed1982

Specific red cell adherence test applied to tumors of ureter and renal pelvis.

The specific red cell adherence (SRCA) test used previously as a prognostic indicator of bladder tumors was used in a retrospective review of 14 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis. SRCA-positive individuals appear to have better survival and progress less frequently to metastatic disease. Of five patients with positive reactions, none had distant metastases. Conversely, in SRCA-negative individuals metastatic disease developed more frequently (4 of 9). The SRCA test can be as useful a test of the prognosis of ureteral and renal pelvis tumors as it is of urinary bladder tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Calcium phosphate crystal formation in Escherichia coli from human urine: an in vitro study.

Escherichia coli with no demonstrable urease activity was inoculated into filter sterilized urine obtained from a healthy volunteer subject with no history of stone disease and then incubated at 37 degrees C. Bacteria were recovered at intervals between 1 and 10 days. Urinary pH was stable as compared to control urines and spontaneous crystal precipitation was not noted in controls. Recovered organisms were analyzed by x-ray powder diffractometry. An uncharacterized mineral phase (UMP) was first evident after 6 days. Calcium phosphate in the form of brushite and hydroxyapatite was apparent at 7 and 10 days respectively. This suggests a role for bacteria in calcium phosphate crystal formation in urine apart from urease activity and may contribute to the calcium phosphate component of urinary calculi.

Calcium Phosphates↗
PubMed1982

Iontophoretic killing of Escherichia coli in static fluid and in a model catheter system.

A static iontophoretic model system was used to determine the effects of various metals, microamperage (microamperemeter) levels, and voltage levels on Escherichia coli and several other bacterial genera. Only gold iontophoresis at 400 microamperemeter and approximately 3.2 V was found to kill all bacterial genera tested when the inoculum dose was 1 x 10(3) cells per ml. E. coli was killed at all inocula doses to 1 x 10(7), whereas other genera were inhibited. Other metals, such as silver or copper, were not effective in killing bacteria. A model catheter system, which contained a gold iontophoresis device, was used to kill E. coli in a flowing system at sites as far as 10 cm downstream from the iontophoretic device. The experiments suggest gold iontophoresis can be a potential tool in controlling catheter-related infections.

Equipment Design↗